Category: Statistics

J Pak Med Assoc. 2025 Dec;75(12):1914-1917. doi: 10.47391/JPMA.25-21836.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcomes of Fenestrating and Reconstituting subtypes of laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy in technically difficult cases.

METHODS: The retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Surgery, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan, from August 1, 2023, to July 31, 2024, and comprised data of patients who underwent Fenestrating or Reconstituting laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2023, for gallstone disease. Postoperative length of hospital stay, frequency of bile leak, bile collections, requirement of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and reoperations were the parameters noted and compared. Data was analysed using IBM® SPSS® Statistics 26.0.

RESULTS: Of 1,579 patients, 78(4.9%) had undergone laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy. Of them, 6(7.7%) cases were i excluded due to incomplete records, and the final sample comprised 72(92.3%) patients; 44(61.2%) females and 28(38.8%) males with mean age 56.91±16.28 years. Overall, 43(59.7%) patients were in the Fenestrating group and 29(40.3%) in the Reconstituting group. Mean postoperative hospital stay was significantly different between the groups (p<0.05), while the frequency of bile leak, bile collection, requirement of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and the rate of reoperations were not significantly different between the groups (p>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the Fenestrating type, the Reconstituting type of laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy resulted in reduced postoperative hospital stay.

PMID:41418240 | DOI:10.47391/JPMA.25-21836

J Pak Med Assoc. 2025 Dec;75(12):1898-1902. doi: 10.47391/JPMA.25-21963.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To assess the risk factors regarding early cessation of breastfeeding.

METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Paediatrics Department of Ayub Medical Teaching Institute, Abbottabad, Pakistan, from June 2022 to February 2023, and comprised mother-child dyads who initiated the breastfeeding process at birth, but failed to continue over the subsequent 24 months. Data was collected using a structured proforma through interviews with mothers. Data was analysed using SPSS 26.

RESULTS: There were 250 mothers with mean age 28.48±5.73 years, while the mean age of 250 children was 14.64±7.53 months. The mean duration of breastfeeding was 5.05±3.99 months. The major risk factors identified were a combination of breastfeed and bottle-feed in the first month of life in 198(79.2%) cases, maternal diet restriction postpartum 186(74.4%) and no counselling about breastfeeding 168(67.2%). Pacifier use (p= 0.002), combined bottle-feed and breastfeed in the first month of life (p=0.001) and mothers wrongly considering formula milk healthier than breastfeed (p=0.000) were significant predictors of shorter duration of breastfeeding.

CONCLUSIONS: All the reasons identified as potential risk factors for early discontinuation of breastfeeding were modifiable. Health education-based interventions are needed for optimising breastfeeding practices.

PMID:41418237 | DOI:10.47391/JPMA.25-21963

J Pak Med Assoc. 2025 Dec;75(12):1883-1890. doi: 10.47391/JPMA.25-23187.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To determine the correlation of the Glasgow Coma Scale score and different Neuroimaging Radiological Interpretation System categories in patients with traumatic brain injury.

METHODS: The prospective observational study was conducted at the Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Institute of Trauma, Karachi, from July to December 2023, and comprised patients aged at least 18 years with documented traumatic brain injury. The patient underwent assessment in the emergency department. The mechanism of injury, and Glasgow Coma Scale score at the time of hospital arrival were noted. A non-contrast head computed tomography scan was done to acquire images of sufficient quality for Neuroimaging Radiological Interpretation System classification. Data was analysed using SPSS 23.

RESULTS: Of the 388 patients with mean age 33.44±18.51 years, 319(82.2%) were males and 69(17.8%) were females. Road traffic accidents accounted for 283(72.9%) cases. Glasgow Coma Scale-based severity classification revealed mild traumatic brain injury in 185(47.7%), moderate in 100(25.8%) and severe in 103(26.5%) patients. Neuroimaging Radiological Interpretation System category distribution showed category 2 being the most frequent 165(42.5%), while category 0 was least common 5(1.3%). There was a strong negative correlation between Glasgow Coma Scale scores and Neuroimaging Radiological Interpretation System categories (p=0.001), with the coefficient of determination indicating that 27.4% of Glasgow Coma Scale score variance was explained by Neuroimaging Radiological Interpretation System classification.

CONCLUSIONS: There was a negative correlation between Neuroimaging Radiological Interpretation System category and Glasgow Coma Scale score in patients with traumatic brain injury.

PMID:41418235 | DOI:10.47391/JPMA.25-23187

J Pak Med Assoc. 2025 Dec;75(12):1866-1867. doi: 10.47391/JPMA.25-101.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:41418231 | DOI:10.47391/JPMA.25-101

Phys Rev Lett. 2025 Dec 5;135(23):231902. doi: 10.1103/fc8j-tb8k.

ABSTRACT

The observation of a wide peaking structure in the B_{c}^{+}γ mass spectrum is reported using proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb detector at center-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13 TeV, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 9 fb^{-1}. The statistical significance over the background-only hypothesis exceeds seven standard deviations. The width of the observed structure is larger than the expectation from a single-peak hypothesis, and is well described by an effective minimal model consisting of two narrow peaks located at 6704.8±5.5±2.8±0.3 MeV/c^{2} and 6752.4±9.5±3.1±0.3 MeV/c^{2}. The uncertainty terms are statistical, systematic, and associated to the knowledge of the B_{c}^{+} mass, respectively. The measured peak locations are in line with theoretical predictions for lowest excited P-wave B_{c}^{+} states, marking the first observation of orbitally excited beauty-charm mesons and providing important insights into the internal dynamics of hadrons containing two heavy quarks.

PMID:41418227 | DOI:10.1103/fc8j-tb8k

Phys Rev Lett. 2025 Dec 5;135(23):230204. doi: 10.1103/lbf3-snp8.

ABSTRACT

The theory of quantum states over time extends the density operator formalism into the temporal domain, providing a unified treatment of timelike and spacelike separated systems in quantum theory. Although recent results have characterized quantum states over time involving two timelike separated systems, it remains unclear how to consistently extend the notion of quantum states over time to multipartite temporal scenarios, such as those considered in studies of Leggett-Garg inequalities. In this Letter, we show that two simple assumptions uniquely single out the Markovian multipartite extension of bipartite quantum states over time, namely, linearity in the initial state and a quantum analog of conditionability for multipartite probability distributions. As a direct consequence of our result, we establish a canonical correspondence between multipartite quantum states over time and Kirkwood-Dirac type quasiprobability distributions, which we show opens up the possibility of experimentally verifying the temporal correlations encoded in quantum states over time via the recent experimental technique of simulating quasiprobability known as quantum snapshotting.

PMID:41418224 | DOI:10.1103/lbf3-snp8

Phys Rev Lett. 2025 Dec 5;135(23):230601. doi: 10.1103/dpgy-rtxr.

ABSTRACT

Accurate and robust quantum process tomography (QPT) is crucial for verifying quantum gates and diagnosing implementation faults in experiments aimed at building universal quantum computers. However, the reliability of QPT protocols is often compromised by faulty probes, particularly state preparation and measurement (SPAM) errors, which introduce fundamental inconsistencies in traditional QPT algorithms. We propose and investigate enhanced QPT for multiqubit systems by integrating the error matrix in a digital twin of the identity process matrix, enabling statistical refinement of SPAM error learning and improving QPT precision. Through numerical simulations, we demonstrate that our approach enables highly accurate and faithful process characterization. We further validate our method experimentally in superconducting quantum processors, achieving at least an order-of-magnitude fidelity improvement over standard QPT. Our results provide a practical and precise method for assessing quantum gate fidelity and enhancing QPT on a given hardware.

PMID:41418174 | DOI:10.1103/dpgy-rtxr

J Pak Med Assoc. 2025 Nov;75(11):1785-1789. doi: 10.47391/JPMA.23297.

ABSTRACT

Understanding the spatial dimension of place, alongside time and personal characteristics, is essential in epidemiology. The current narrative review was planned to analyse articles from all three Medline-indexed general medical journals in Pakistan that reported on the use of Geographic Information System or the Global Positioning System. From 2011 till October 2024, a total of 20 studies were published; 18(90%) of them in the Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, including the first article in July 2011. Most studies focussed on health risk assessment 12(60%), while 3(15%) examined health disparities and 2(10%) analysed spatial distribution and hospital accessibility. Geographic Information Systems facilitate spatial visualisation and analysis of health data, enabling a more nuanced understanding of disease patterns, hotspots and trends. This spatial intelligence is important for Pakistan, where geographical diversity, population density and socioeconomic disparities create complex health challenges.

PMID:41418122 | DOI:10.47391/JPMA.23297

J Pak Med Assoc. 2025 Nov;75(11):1772-1776. doi: 10.47391/JPMA.20025.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To determine awareness score regarding the involvement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to fight against Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) among the HealthCare Workers of the South and Central Punjab, Pakistan by structured questionnaire to provide actionable educational initiatives and policy recommendations.

METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional survey was done among the HealthCare Workers of South and Central Punjab, Pakistan, between August 01, 2022 and January 31, 2023. The study was limited to Multan and Lahore cities of South and central Punjab, Pakistan was approved by the institutional ethics review board of Nishtar Medical University Multan. A selfcreated questionnaire was used for collecting data. Version VII of GraphPad Prism was used for the analytical analysis. An independent t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to verify significance among different parameters of study. A p-value of less than 0.05 was utilized to validate statistical significance.

RESULTS: During the study, 401 participants completed the online survey. The data findings indicate that women 275 (68.6%) was majority of the respondents between the age group range 21 – 40. Most of the HealthCare Workers 200 (49.9%) had done post graduation and fall among the category of Certified Professional Doctors and Researchers. Moreover, majority of the partakers 225 (56.1%) lived in Lahore city. The significant correlation of Total Awareness Score (TAS) among Sociodemographic parameters was analyzed. Post graduate HealthCare Workers (p=0.0001) and cer tified professional doctors/researchers (p=0.0001) had higher awareness score. In comparison to two different cities, HealthCare Workers of City Lahore (p=0.0324) was observed higher awareness level.

CONCLUSION: Overall, majority of the HealthCare Workers have higher general awareness regarding the involvement of AI in combating antimicrobial resistance and also their implementation of that awareness is negligible.

PMID:41418120 | DOI:10.47391/JPMA.20025

J Pak Med Assoc. 2025 Nov;75(11):1768-1771. doi: 10.47391/JPMA.23012.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the distribution and characteristics of accidents during the Arba’een pilgrimage.

METHODS: The retrospective, descriptive study was conducted at the Ministry of Health, Baghdad and Karbala and comprised data from July 26 to August 26, 2024 related to accidents during the Arba’een pilgrimage in Karbala, Iraq. The data was obtained from health directorates across Iraq. The incidents were categorised by type, health depar tment, and pilgrim nationality (Iraqi or foreign). The distribution of injuries and fatalities was assessed. Data was analysed using SPSS version 26.

RESULTS: Of the 728 injuries recorded, 681(93.54%) involved Iraqi nationals and 47(6.46%) involved foreign pilgrims (p=0.0051). Of the 19 fatalities reported, Iraqi pilgrims accounted for 12(63.2%) and foreign pilgrims 7(36.8%) (p=0.00018). Falls, fractures, and road traffic accidents were the most common injury types. High-risk regions, such as Karbala and Najaf, received significant resource allocation, including medical personnel and emergency response services.

CONCLUSION: Different types of injuries and fatalities during the Arba’een pilgrim mostly affected Iraqis, and the most common type of incidents was road traffic accidents.

PMID:41418119 | DOI:10.47391/JPMA.23012