Category: Statistics

BMC Public Health. 2022 Jul 28;22(1):1437. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13870-x.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 related lockdowns may have affected engagement in health behaviours among the UK adult population. This prospective observational study assessed socio-demographic patterning in attempts to change and maintain a range of health behaviours and changes between two time points during the pandemic.

METHODS: Adults aged 18 years and over (n = 4,978) were recruited using Dynata (an online market research platform) and the HealthWise Wales platform, supplemented through social media advertising. Online surveys were conducted in August/September 2020 when lockdown restrictions eased in the UK following the first major UK lockdown (survey phase 1) and in February/March 2021 during a further national lockdown (survey phase 2). Measures derived from the Cancer Awareness Measure included self-reported attempts to reduce alcohol consumption, increase fruit/vegetable consumption, increase physical activity, lose weight and reduce/stop smoking. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to assess individual health behaviour change attempts over time, adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, employment and education.

RESULTS: Around half of participants in survey phase 1 reported trying to increase physical activity (n = 2607, 52.4%), increase fruit/vegetables (n = 2445, 49.1%) and lose weight (n = 2413, 48.5%), with 19.0% (n = 948) trying to reduce alcohol consumption among people who drink. Among the 738 participants who smoked, 51.5% (n = 380) were trying to reduce and 27.4% (n = 202) to stop smoking completely. Most behaviour change attempts were more common among women, younger adults and minority ethnic group participants. Efforts to reduce smoking (aOR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.82-1.17) and stop smoking (aOR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.80-1.20) did not differ significantly in phase 2 compared to phase 1. Similarly, changes over time in attempts to improve other health behaviours were not statistically significant: physical activity (aOR: 1.07; 95% CI: 0.99-1.16); weight loss (aOR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.90-1.00); fruit/vegetable intake (aOR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.91-1.06) and alcohol use (aOR: 1.32, 95% CI: 0.92-1.91).

CONCLUSION: A substantial proportion of participants reported attempts to change health behaviours in the initial survey phase. However, the lack of change observed over time indicated that overall motivation to engage in healthy behaviours was sustained among the UK adult population, from a period shortly after the first lockdown toward the end of the second prolonged lockdown.

PMID:35902822 | DOI:10.1186/s12889-022-13870-x

BMC Infect Dis. 2022 Jul 28;22(1):654. doi: 10.1186/s12879-022-07621-x.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The rapid course of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic calls for fast implementation of clinical trials to assess the effects of new treatment and prophylactic interventions. Building trial platforms embedded in existing data infrastructures is an ideal way to address such questions within well-defined subpopulations.

METHODS: We developed a trial platform building on the infrastructure of two established national cohort studies: the Swiss human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Cohort Study (SHCS) and Swiss Transplant Cohort Study (STCS). In a pilot trial, termed Corona VaccinE tRiAL pLatform (COVERALL), we assessed the vaccine efficacy of the first two licensed SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in Switzerland and the functionality of the trial platform.

RESULTS: Using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap), we developed a trial platform integrating the infrastructure of the SHCS and STCS. An algorithm identifying eligible patients, as well as baseline data transfer ensured a fast inclusion procedure for eligible patients. We implemented convenient re-directions between the different data entry systems to ensure intuitive data entry for the participating study personnel. The trial platform, including a randomization algorithm ensuring balance among different subgroups, was continuously adapted to changing guidelines concerning vaccination policies. We were able to randomize and vaccinate the first trial participant the same day we received ethics approval. Time to enroll and randomize our target sample size of 380 patients was 22 days.

CONCLUSION: Taking the best of each system, we were able to flag eligible patients, transfer patient information automatically, randomize and enroll the patients in an easy workflow, decreasing the administrative burden usually associated with a trial of this size.

PMID:35902817 | DOI:10.1186/s12879-022-07621-x

BMC Infect Dis. 2022 Jul 28;22(1):655. doi: 10.1186/s12879-022-07625-7.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Although previous epidemiological studies have examined the potential risk factors that increase the likelihood of acquiring Helicobacter pylori infections, most of these analyses have utilized conventional statistical models, including logistic regression, and have not benefited from advanced machine learning techniques.

OBJECTIVE: We examined H. pylori infection risk factors among school children using machine learning algorithms to identify important risk factors as well as to determine whether machine learning can be used to predict H. pylori infection status.

METHODS: We applied feature selection and classification algorithms to data from a school-based cross-sectional survey in Ethiopia. The data set included 954 school children with 27 sociodemographic and lifestyle variables. We conducted five runs of tenfold cross-validation on the data. We combined the results of these runs for each combination of feature selection (e.g., Information Gain) and classification (e.g., Support Vector Machines) algorithms.

RESULTS: The XGBoost classifier had the highest accuracy in predicting H. pylori infection status with an accuracy of 77%-a 13% improvement from the baseline accuracy of guessing the most frequent class (64% of the samples were H. Pylori negative.) K-Nearest Neighbors showed the worst performance across all classifiers. A similar performance was observed using the F1-score and area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) classifier evaluation metrics. Among all features, place of residence (with urban residence increasing risk) was the most common risk factor for H. pylori infection, regardless of the feature selection method choice. Additionally, our machine learning algorithms identified other important risk factors for H. pylori infection, such as; electricity usage in the home, toilet type, and waste disposal location. Using a 75% cutoff for robustness, machine learning identified five of the eight significant features found by traditional multivariate logistic regression. However, when a lower robustness threshold is used, machine learning approaches identified more H. pylori risk factors than multivariate logistic regression and suggested risk factors not detected by logistic regression.

CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that machine learning approaches are positioned to uncover H. pylori infection risk factors and predict H. pylori infection status. These approaches identify similar risk factors and predict infection with comparable accuracy to logistic regression, thus they could be used as an alternative method.

PMID:35902812 | DOI:10.1186/s12879-022-07625-7

Brief Bioinform. 2022 Jul 29:bbac287. doi: 10.1093/bib/bbac287. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Genetic association studies have been very successful at elucidating the genetic background of many complex diseases/traits. However, the X-chromosome is often neglected in these studies because of technical difficulties and the fact that most tools only utilize genetic data from autosomes. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of different practical approaches that are followed to incorporate the X-chromosome in association analysis, such as Genome-Wide Association Studies and Expression Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis. In general, the choice of which test statistics is most appropriate will depend on three main criteria: (1) the underlying X-inactivation model, (2) if Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium holds and sex-specific allele frequencies are expected and (3) whether adjustment for confounding variables is required. All in all, it is recommended that a combination of different association tests should be used for the analysis of X-chromosome.

PMID:35901513 | DOI:10.1093/bib/bbac287

Pain Physician. 2022 Aug;25(5):E733-E738.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Preoperative exposure to opioids has recently shown to be associated with poor outcomes after elective major surgery, but little is known as to how pretreatment opioid use affects results of interventional back pain management.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the effect of pretreatment opioid use on outcomes after interventional pain management procedures on patients with chronic back pain.

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study.

SETTING: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at Satakunta Central Hospital (Satasairaala), Finland.

METHODS: A high-volume, single-center, quality register analysis was performed on patients who underwent interventional pain management for suspected facet-mediated chronic back pain as a part of a multidisciplinary pain management program. Chronic opioid use was defined as having a concurrent opioid prescription for 90 days.

RESULTS: A total of 797 patients underwent an intervention during the study period from August 1, 2019 through December 31, 2020. Pretreatment opioid use was present in 262 patients (33%). Patients with chronic back pain using opioids reported significantly more pain and discomfort before treatment as well as lowered working ability. Facet joint medial branch blocks resulted in significant improvement for both groups directly after the treatment as well as at 2-hours follow-up. However, the nonopioid group reported significantly more improvement at 2-days follow-up as well as at one month follow-up compared to opioid users. Opioid users reported nearly the same pain level at one-month follow-up as they did before treatment.

LIMITATIONS: As a single-center analysis, these data may not be generalizable to other institutions. A retrospective study may include inevitable bias. The disease processes themselves may possibly predispose patients to different degrees of opoid use. Although we have identified preoperative opioid use as a risk factor for treatment failure, we were unable to determine the size of the association based on our statistical analysis and sample size. Pain intensity evaluation using the visual analog scale is inevitably subjective.

CONCLUSION: Pretreatment opioid use is associated with greater pain discomfort, impairment, and reduced functional ability, as well as poorer long-term effect of interventional back pain treatment at one-month follow-up. In our study, opioid users reported the same positive effects of facet joint nerve blocks immediately after the treatment and 2 hours after the treatment, but a significantly smaller effect at one-month follow-up. This could indicate that opioid use may diminish the effects of pain treatments by affecting relearning, behavioral changes, and central pain modulation. These findings may help providers understand the effect of pretreatment opioid use on patient care, and its implications on hospital and societal costs.

PMID:35901484

Pain Physician. 2022 Aug;25(5):E725-E732.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Adjacent vertebral fracture (AVF) seemed to be a frequent and severe complication in osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF) patients receiving percutaneous vertebroplasty or percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP), resulting in poor long-term outcome and recurrence of pain-related symptoms. Nonetheless, its mechanism remains unclear.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the potential predictor of AVF after PKP and figure out whether the intervertebral disc plays a role during the process of AVF.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study.

SETTING: Department of Orthopedic, an affiliated hospital of a medical university.

METHODS: Clinical data of OVCF patients receiving PKP were reviewed in our hospital from January 2016 to December 2020. Four hundred and forty-five patients were recruited who met the abovementioned criteria in this study. The clinical data, including age, gender, bone mineral density (BMD), vertebral height, vertebral kyphosis angle, cement volume, cement distribution, as well as adjacent disc degeneration extent, were recorded for each patient. Independent-sample t tests and chi-squared tests were performed to compare these indexes. Bivariate correlation tests and multiple linear regression analyses were performed among potential predictors. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis and Kaplan-Meier plotter were applied to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of parameters for predicting the occurrence of AVF.

RESULTS: Patients in both groups gained obvious improvements in symptomatic and radiographic indexes after first PKP. Statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was only found between 2 groups with respect to BMD, kyphosis angle at last follow-up before second PKP, cement distribution, and disc degeneration grade. The ROC analysis showed that BMD = 15.5° was highly predictive of AVF after PKP (sensitivity, 92.2%; specificity, 24.6%; area under curve, 0.569, P = 0.109). Statistically significant difference of AVF incidence amongst patients with different cement distribution (P = 0.018) and similar trend was also found amongst patients with different disc degeneration (P = 0.000). Statistically significant difference was noted in terms of disc degeneration grade between 2 adjacent discs in AVF group.

LIMITATIONS: The main limitation is the retrospective nature of this study.

CONCLUSIONS: The risk of AVF should be focused, especially when OVCF patients with the following predictors: (1) BMD < -3.45; (2) kyphosis angle at last follow-up > 15.5°; (3) I or II cement distribution; and (4) IV or V disc degeneration. More prophylactic treatment should be prescribed for these patients to avoid the occurrence of AVF.

PMID:35901483

Pain Physician. 2022 Aug;25(5):391-399.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for the lumbar facet joints has demonstrated efficacy in the management of chronic low back pain. The traditional technique uses a conventional monopolar (CM) cannula placed parallel to the putative nerve to produce a thermal lesion resulting in pain relief of the facet joints. A new multi-tined (MT) cannula has come onto the market that allows targeting the putative nerve using a perpendicular to the nerve approach.

OBJECTIVES: This study describes the technique using the MT cannula and compares its efficacy and procedural characteristics to the CM cannula.

STUDY DESIGN: This is a pre-post crossover observational study.

METHODS: Fifty-one patients were recruited between June 2015 and March 2020. Each patient underwent 2 fluoroscopic guided lumbosacral RFA procedures on 2 separate occasions at the same facet joints, using the CM and MT cannula consecutively. The primary outcome measure was change in pain on the 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS). Secondary outcome measures included change in Pain Disability Quality of Life Questionnaire (PDQQ) score, duration and magnitude of pain relief, local anesthetic use, adverse events, procedural and fluoroscopy exposure time, and radiation dose.

RESULTS: There were no statistically significant difference between CM versus MT canula in terms of absolute (4.0 versus 4.3) and relative (52% versus 57%) change in NRS (P = 0.99) and PDQQ (22 versus 22, P = 0.61) at 3 months, or overall pain magnitude (71% versus 72%, P = 0.96) and duration of relief (8.7 months versus 8.4 months, P = 0.68). The procedures using the MT cannula were completed faster (37.6 minutes versus 31.1 minutes, P < 0.001) and required less local anesthetic (15.8 mL versus 11.0 mL, P < 0.001) and radiation dose (41.5 mGy versus 30.2 mGy, P = 0.05). No adverse events were observed with either cannula.

LIMITATIONS: This was an observational study at a single center with the proceduralist not blinded to the intervention.

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the outcomes in terms of pain, disability, quality of life, adverse events, and fluoroscopy exposure time were equivalent between the 2 cannulae. However, RFA using the MT cannula was faster to perform and involved less local anesthetic and radiation.

PMID:35901480

Pain Physician. 2022 Aug;25(5):373-380.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: In the presence of neuropathic pain, other sensory qualities, such as touch or pressure, which are a sign of nerve damage, are almost always affected. However, it is unclear to which extent spinal cord stimulation (SCS) influences these simultaneously damaged sensory pathways or possibly contributes to their regeneration.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and possible differences of tonic and BurstDR (Abbott, Austin, TX) SCS on somatosensory profiles of patients with chronic neuropathic pain, using quantitative sensory testing (QST).

STUDY DESIGN: A randomized, single-blinded, single-center study.

SETTING: University medical center.

METHODS: After a washout phase of 4 hours and having done the basic QST measurement, either tonic or BurstDR stimulation was performed for 30 minutes in a randomized fashion. Then, the second measurement was taken. The third measurement followed after using the remaining stimulation mode for 30 minutes. Mean values of all QST parameters were calculated and compared. We also computed Z-values using standard data.

RESULTS: We examined 14 patients (9 women, 5 men, mean age 58.4 years) with previously implanted SCS systems for chronic neuropathic pain, using QST (7 tests, 13 parameters).The QST raw data showed a statistically significant improved vibration sensation (A-Beta) (P = 0.019) and lower mechanical pain threshold (A-Delta) (P = 0,031) when testing BurstDR in comparison to tonic SCS. We found a significant improvement in the vibration sensation and also A-Beta fiber function during BurstDR when we used the Z-value analysis (P = 0.023). With regard to Z-values, BurstDR seemed to be superior regarding the normalization tendency of the A-Delta fiber function in the mechanical pain threshold (P = 0.082), and tonic SCS seemed superior regarding heat detection threshold (C) and cold pain threshold (C and A-Delta) (P = 0.093).

LIMITATIONS: The study is limited by its small number of cases.

CONCLUSIONS: In this study, it could be shown that, in some QST parameters and tested fiber functions, normalization tendencies were recognizable by using BurstDR or tonic SCS. However, BurstDR SCS seemed to be superior to tonic stimulation in this regard.

PMID:35901477

Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2022 Jul 5. doi: 10.1097/CORR.0000000000002308. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Wound complications are common after resection of soft tissue sarcomas, with published infection rates ranging from 10% to 35%. Multiple studies have reported on the atypical flora comprising these infections, which are often polymicrobial and contain anaerobic bacteria, and recent studies have noted the high prevalence of anaerobic bacterial infections after soft tissue sarcoma resection [26, 35]. Based on this, our institution changed clinical practice to include an antibiotic with anaerobic coverage in addition to the standard first-generation cephalosporin for prophylaxis during soft tissue sarcoma resections. The current study was undertaken to evaluate whether this change was associated with a change in major wound complications, and if the change should therefore be adopted for future patients.

QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) After controlling for potentially confounding variables, was the broadening of the prophylactic antibiotic spectrum to cover anaerobic bacteria associated with a lower odds of major wound complications after soft tissue sarcoma resection? (2) Was the broadening of the prophylactic antibiotic spectrum to cover anaerobic bacteria associated with a lower odds of surgical site infections with polymicrobial or anaerobic infections after soft tissue sarcoma resection? (3) What are the factors associated with major wound complications after soft tissue sarcoma resection?

METHODS: We retrospectively identified 623 patients who underwent soft tissue sarcoma resection at a single center between January 2008 and January 2021 using procedural terminology codes. Of these, four (0.6%) pediatric patients were excluded, as were five (0.8%) patients with atypical lipomatous tumors and two (0.3%) patients with primary bone tumors; 5% (33 of 623) who were lost to follow-up, leaving 579 for final analysis. The prophylactic antibiotic regimen given at the resection and whether a wound complication occurred were recorded. Patients received the augmented regimen based on whether they underwent resection after the change in practice in July 2018. A total of 497 patients received a standard antibiotic regimen (usually a first-generation cephalosporin), and 82 patients received an augmented regimen with anaerobic coverage (most often metronidazole). Of the 579 patients, 53% (307) were male (53% [264 of 497] in the standard regimen and 52% [43 of 82] in the augmented regimen), and the mean age was 59 ± 17 years (59 ± 17 and 60 ±17 years in the standard and augmented groups, respectively). Wound complications were defined as any of the following within 120 days of the initial resection: formal wound debridement in the operating room, other interventions such as percutaneous drain placement, readmission for intravenous antibiotics, or deep wound packing for more than 120 days from the resection. Patients were considered to have a surgical site infection if positive cultures resulted from deep tissue cultures taken intraoperatively at the time of debridement. The proportion of patients with major wound complications was 26% (150 of 579); it was 27% (136 of 497) and 17% (14 of 82) in the standard and augmented antibiotic cohorts, respectively (p = 0.049). With the numbers we had, we could not document that the addition of antibiotics with anaerobic coverage was associated with lower odds of anaerobic (4% versus 6%; p = 0.51) or polymicrobial infections (9% versus 14%; p = 0.25). Patient, tumor, and treatment (surgical, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) variables were collected to evaluate factors associated with overall infection and anaerobic or polymicrobial infection. Patient follow-up was 120 days to capture early wound complications. A multivariable analysis was performed for all variables found to be significant in the univariate analysis. A p value < 0.05 was used as the threshold for statistical significance for all analyses. No patients were found to have an adverse reaction to the augmented regimen, including allergic reactions or Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile infection.

RESULTS: After controlling for other potentially confounding factors such as neoadjuvant radiation, tumor size and anatomic location, as well as patient BMI, anaerobic coverage was associated with smaller odds of wound complications (OR 0.36 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18 to 0.68]; p = 0.003). Other factors associated with major wound complications were preoperative radiation (versus no preoperative radiation) (OR 2.66 [95% CI 1.72 to 4.15]; p < 0.001), increasing tumor size (OR 1.04 [95% CI 1.00 to 1.07]; p = 0.03), patient BMI (OR 1.07 [95% CI 1.04 to 1.11]; p < 0.001), and tumor in the distal upper extremity (versus proximal upper extremity, pelvis/groin/hip, and lower extremity) (OR 0.18 [95% CI 0.04 to 0.62]; p = 0.01).

CONCLUSION: The addition of anaerobic coverage to the standard prophylactic regimen during soft tissue sarcoma resection demonstrated an association with smaller odds of major wound complications and no documented adverse reactions. Treating physicians should consider these findings but note that they are preliminary, and that further work is needed to replicate them in a more controlled study design such as a prospective trial.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic study.

PMID:35901448 | DOI:10.1097/CORR.0000000000002308

J Psychopathol Clin Sci. 2022 Jul 28. doi: 10.1037/abn0000772. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

To determine the extent to which secure attachment moderates the effects of previous child abuse history on the intermediate variables (putative mediators) of emotion dysregulation and coping, which, in turn, influence adult behavioral health and mental health problems. Black women (N = 440, M _age = 20.33, SD = 1.88) were selected from the baseline data collection of a large, randomized trial. Study participants had consumed alcohol, had had unprotected sex in the last 90 days, and either reported abuse prior to age 18 or no lifetime history of abuse. Women completed measures of sociodemographics, abuse history, attachment security, coping, emotion dysregulation, psychological functioning, risky sexual behavior, and substance use problems. At low attachment security, the conditional indirect effects of childhood abuse through the intermediate variable, coping, were statistically significant for all dependent variables except proportion condom use and perceived stress. At high attachment security, none of the conditional indirect effects through coping achieved statistical significance. High attachment security also mitigated the conditional indirect effects of childhood abuse through the intermediate variable, emotion dysregulation, reducing the magnitude of the relationship with trait anger, depression, marijuana problems, and perceived stress by about 50%. These results demonstrate the potential mitigating effects of secure attachment on the relationship between childhood abuse history and select behavioral and mental health problems through the intermediate variables of coping and emotional dysregulation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:35901415 | DOI:10.1037/abn0000772