Tag: nevin manimala

Sci Rep. 2023 Nov 21;13(1):20347. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-47043-6.

ABSTRACT

A large proportion of the world’s population has some form of immunity against SARS-CoV-2, through either infection (‘natural’), vaccination or both (‘hybrid’). This retrospective cohort study used data on SARS-CoV-2, vaccination, and hospitalization from national health system from February 2020 to June 2022 and Cox regression modelling to compare those with natural immunity to those with no (Cohort1, n = 94,982), hybrid (Cohort2, n = 47,342), and vaccine (Cohort3, n = 254,920) immunity. In Cohort 1, those with natural immunity were at lower risk for infection during the Delta (aHR 0.17, 95%CI 0.15-0.18) and higher risk (aHR 1.24, 95%CI 1.18-1.32) during the Omicron period than those with no immunity. Natural immunity conferred substantial protection against COVID-19-hospitalization. Cohort 2-in comparison to natural immunity hybrid immunity offered strong protection during the Delta (aHR 0.61, 95%CI 0.46-0.80) but not the Omicron (aHR 1.05, 95%CI 0.93-1.1) period. COVID-19-hospitalization was extremely rare among individuals with hybrid immunity. In Cohort 3, individuals with vaccine-induced immunity were at higher risk than those with natural immunity for infection (Delta aHR 4.90, 95%CI 4.48-5.36; Omicron 1.13, 95%CI 1.06-1.21) and hospitalization (Delta aHR 7.19, 95%CI 4.02-12.84). These results show that risk of infection and severe COVID-19 are driven by personal immunity history and the variant of SARS-CoV-2 causing infection.

PMID:37989858 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-023-47043-6

Sci Rep. 2023 Nov 21;13(1):20372. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-47651-2.

ABSTRACT

Additive manufacturing of as-build metal materials with laser powder bed fusion typically leads to the formations of various chemical phases and their corresponding microstructure types. Such microstructures have very complex shape and size anisotropic distributions due to the history of the laser heat gradients and scanning patterns. With higher complexity compared to the post-heat-treated materials, the synthetic volume reconstruction of as-build materials for accurate modelling of their mechanical properties is a serious challenge. Here, we present an example of complete workflow pipeline for such nontrivial task. It takes into account the statistical distributions of microstructures: object sizes for each phase, several shape parameters for each microstructure type, and their morphological and crystallographic orientations. In principle, each step in the pipeline, including the parameters in the crystal plasticity model, can be fine-tuned to achieve suitable correspondence between experimental and synthetic microstructures as well as between experimental stress-strain curves and simulated results. To our best knowledge, this work represents an example of the most challenging synthetic volume reconstruction for as-build additive manufacturing materials to date.

PMID:37989841 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-023-47651-2

Cell Mol Life Sci. 2023 Nov 21;80(12):370. doi: 10.1007/s00018-023-05009-x.

ABSTRACT

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have a higher prevalence of obesity compared to the general population. Conventionally, this has been attributed to endocrine issues and lack of exercise. However, deficits in neural reward responses and dopaminergic disturbances in DS may be contributing factors. To investigate this, we focused on a mouse model (Ts65Dn) bearing some triplicated genes homologous to trisomy 21. Through detailed meal pattern analysis in male Ts65Dn mice, we observed an increased preference for energy-dense food, pointing towards a potential “hedonic” overeating behavior. Moreover, trisomic mice exhibited higher scores in compulsivity and inflexibility tests when limited access to energy-dense food and quinine hydrochloride adulteration were introduced, compared to euploid controls. Interestingly, when we activated prelimbic-to-nucleus accumbens projections in Ts65Dn male mice using a chemogenetic approach, impulsive and compulsive behaviors significantly decreased, shedding light on a promising intervention avenue. Our findings uncover a novel mechanism behind the vulnerability to overeating and offer potential new pathways for tackling obesity through innovative interventions.

PMID:37989807 | DOI:10.1007/s00018-023-05009-x

Environ Monit Assess. 2023 Nov 22;195(12):1509. doi: 10.1007/s10661-023-12046-3.

ABSTRACT

Although existing studies mainly focused on the air quality status in Bangladesh, quantifying the natural and manmade effects, the frequency of high pollution levels, and the associated health risks remained beyond detailed investigation. Air quality and meteorological data from the Department of Environment for 2012-2019 were analyzed, attempting to answer those questions. Cluster analysis of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and gaseous pollutants implied that Dhaka and neighboring cities, Narayangonj and Gazipur, are from similar sources compared to the other major cities in the country. Apart from the transboundary sources, land use types and climate parameters unevenly affected local pollution loadings across city domains. The particulate concentrations persistently remained above the national standard for almost half the year, with the peaks during the dry months. Even though nitrogen oxides remained high in all three cities, other gaseous pollutants, such as CO and O₃, except SO₂, showed elevated concentrations solely in Dhaka city. Concentrations of gaseous pollutants in Dhaka vary spatially, but no statistical differences could be discerned between the working days and holidays. Frequency analysis results and hazard quotients revealed the likelihood of adverse health outcomes in Narayangonj ensuing from particulate exposures surpasses the other cities for different age, gender, and occupation groups. Nonetheless, school-aged children and construction workers were most at risk from chronic exposure to gaseous pollutants mostly in Dhaka. One limitation of this study was that the routine air quality monitoring happens just from five sites, making the evidence-based study concerning health outcomes quite challenging.

PMID:37989796 | DOI:10.1007/s10661-023-12046-3

Nat Protoc. 2023 Nov 21. doi: 10.1038/s41596-023-00892-x. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is an unsupervised learning method well suited to high-throughput biology. However, inferring biological processes from an NMF result still requires additional post hoc statistics and annotation for interpretation of learned features. Here, we introduce a suite of computational tools that implement NMF and provide methods for accurate and clear biological interpretation and analysis. A generalized discussion of NMF covering its benefits, limitations and open questions is followed by four procedures for the Bayesian NMF algorithm Coordinated Gene Activity across Pattern Subsets (CoGAPS). Each procedure will demonstrate NMF analysis to quantify cell state transitions in a public domain single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset. The first demonstrates PyCoGAPS, our new Python implementation that enhances runtime for large datasets, and the second allows its deployment in Docker. The third procedure steps through the same single-cell NMF analysis using our R CoGAPS interface. The fourth introduces a beginner-friendly CoGAPS platform using GenePattern Notebook, aimed at users with a working conceptual knowledge of data analysis but without a basic proficiency in the R or Python programming language. We also constructed a user-facing website to serve as a central repository for information and instructional materials about CoGAPS and its application programming interfaces. The expected timing to setup the packages and conduct a test run is around 15 min, and an additional 30 min to conduct analyses on a precomputed result. The expected runtime on the user’s desired dataset can vary from hours to days depending on factors such as dataset size or input parameters.

PMID:37989764 | DOI:10.1038/s41596-023-00892-x

Sci Rep. 2023 Nov 21;13(1):20367. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-45973-9.

ABSTRACT

The emergence of antibacterial resistance (ABR) is an urgent and complex public health challenge worldwide. Antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) are considered as a new pollutant by the WHO because of their wide distribution and emerging prevalence. The role of environmental factors in developing ARGs in bacterial populations is still poorly understood. Therefore, the relationship between environmental factors and bacteria should be explored to combat ABR and propose more tailored solutions in a specific region. Here, we collected and analyzed surface water samples from Yangtze Delta, China during 2021, and assessed the nonlinear association of environmental factors with ARGs through a sigmoid model. A high abundance of ARGs was detected. Amoxicillin, phosphorus (P), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), and strontium (Sr) were found to be strongly associated with ARGs and identified as potential key contributors to ARG detection. Our findings suggest that the suppression of ARGs may be achieved by decreasing the concentration of phosphorus in surface water. Additionally, Group 2A light metals (e.g., magnesium and calcium) may be candidates for the development of eco-friendly reagents for controlling antibiotic resistance in the future.

PMID:37989759 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-023-45973-9

Nat Commun. 2023 Nov 21;14(1):7573. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-43250-x.

ABSTRACT

The value of the environment determines animals’ motivational states and sets expectations for error-based learning^1-3. How are values computed? Reinforcement learning systems can store or cache values of states or actions that are learned from experience, or they can compute values using a model of the environment to simulate possible futures³. These value computations have distinct trade-offs, and a central question is how neural systems decide which computations to use or whether/how to combine them^4-8. Here we show that rats use distinct value computations for sequential decisions within single trials. We used high-throughput training to collect statistically powerful datasets from 291 rats performing a temporal wagering task with hidden reward states. Rats adjusted how quickly they initiated trials and how long they waited for rewards across states, balancing effort and time costs against expected rewards. Statistical modeling revealed that animals computed the value of the environment differently when initiating trials versus when deciding how long to wait for rewards, even though these decisions were only seconds apart. Moreover, value estimates interacted via a dynamic learning rate. Our results reveal how distinct value computations interact on rapid timescales, and demonstrate the power of using high-throughput training to understand rich, cognitive behaviors.

PMID:37989741 | DOI:10.1038/s41467-023-43250-x

Int Wound J. 2023 Nov 21. doi: 10.1111/iwj.14495. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the incidence of postoperative wound complications in patients with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is still unclear. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis of CABG in DM patients to evaluate existing data from both prospective and historical cohorts. The objective of this trial was to assess the relevance and extent of the effect of diabetes on the outcome of previous CABG procedures. Data sources like Embase and Pubmed were found throughout the research, and the language was limited to English through manual search. The searches were performed up to August 2023. The data were extracted from the study of the inclusion/exclusion criteria, the features of the population, the statistical approach and the clinical results. A qualitative evaluation of the qualifying studies has been carried out. Out of the 1874 studies identified, 21 cohort studies were chosen for analysis. Meta-analyses were performed in 258 454 patients (71 351 diabetic and 187 103 non-diabetic). Twenty-one studies on deep sternal wound infections in CABG patients showed a lower rate of deep sternal wound infections in non-diabetes group compared with those with diabetes (OR, 2.13; 95% CI: 1.97, 2.31, p < 0.00001). And 16 studies of superficial wound infections in patients undergoing CABG were found to be associated with a lower rate of superficial injury (OR, 1.93; 95% CI: 1.53, 2.43, p < 0.00001) compared with those with diabetes; In five trials, perfusion time during CABG (MD, 2.31; 95% CI: -0.16, 4.79, p = 0.07) was observed, and there were no significant differences between diabetes and non-diabetes. Currently, there is a higher risk for CABG in diabetes than in non-diabetes patients with sternal infections and superficial injuries. Future randomized trials will concentrate on the treatment of such perioperatively related complications, which will lower the risk of postoperative wound infection in diabetes.

PMID:37989726 | DOI:10.1111/iwj.14495

Int Wound J. 2023 Nov 21. doi: 10.1111/iwj.14493. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

To prevent anastomotic leakage and other postoperative complications after laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery, a protective ileostomy is often used. However, the necessity of performing ileostomy after laparoscopic rectal cancer remains controversial. The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the benefit of ileostomy on wound infection after laparoscopic rectal cancer. The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, and PubMed were used to retrieve all related documents up to September 2023. Completion of the trial literature was submitted once the eligibility and exclusion criteria were met and the literature quality assessment was evaluated. This study compared the post-operative post-operative complications of an ileostomy with that of non-ileostomy in a laparoscope. We used Reman 5.3 to analyse meta-data. Controlled studies were evaluated with ROBINS-I. The meta-analyses included 525 studies, and 5 publications were chosen to statistically analyse the data according to the classification criteria. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of postoperative wound infections among ostomate and nonostomate (odds ratio [OR], 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66, 4.84; p = 0.25). In 5 trials, the incidence of anastomotic leak was increased after surgery in nonostomate patients (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.12, 0.57; p = 0.0009). Two studies reported no significant difference in the length of operation time when nonstomal compared to stomal operations in patients with rectal cancer (mean difference, 0.87; 95% CI, -2.99, 4.74; p = 0.66). No significant difference was found in the rate of wound infection and operation time after operation among the two groups, but the incidence of anastomosis leak increased after operation. Protective ileostomy after laparoscopic rectal cancer was effective in reducing the risk of anastomotic leakage in patients, and we found no additional risk of infection. We cautiously conclude that protective ileostomy is active and necessary for patients with a high risk of anastomotic leakage after surgery, which needs to be further confirmed by high-quality studies with larger samples.

PMID:37989718 | DOI:10.1111/iwj.14493

Int Wound J. 2023 Nov 21. doi: 10.1111/iwj.14492. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Eschar dermabrasion is an easy, cost-effective and dependable technique for debriding deep partial-thickness burn wounds, highly suitable for paediatric scalds. Postoperative dressing plays a crucial role in the subsequent healing process. While allogenic skin (AGS) has long been considered as the optimal coverage for abraded burn wounds by Chinese burn specialists, its clinical application on children has encountered challenges. In recent years, our department has observed promising results in the application of bacterial cellulose dressing on paediatric burn wounds after dermabrasion surgery. This study aimed to retrospectively review qualified cases from the past 5 years and categorize them into two groups: 201 cases in the AGS group and 116 cases in the bacterial cellulose dressing (BCD) group. Upon statistical analysis, no differences were oberved between the groups in terms of demographic information and wound characteristics. However, the BCD group had a significantly longer surgery time (44.3 ± 7.0 min vs. 31.5 ± 6.1 min, p < 0.01) and shorter healing time (19.6 ± 2.2 days vs. 24.4 ± 4.3 days, p < 0.01) compared to the AGS group. Moreover, the BCD group required fewer dressing changes (3.5 ± 0.8 vs. 6.7 ± 2.1, p < 0.01) and demonstrated lower rates of skin grafting (10/116 vs. 46/201, p = 0.036). In conclusion, our findings suggest that the bacterial cellulose material may serve as an optimal coverage option for paediatric abraded scald wounds.

PMID:37989716 | DOI:10.1111/iwj.14492