Tag: nevin manimala

Int Immunopharmacol. 2022 Apr 20;109:108780. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108780. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor that has been marketed and approved in the USA for the clinical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and other inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. A phase I clinical trial was conducted to compare the bioequivalence and safety of tofacitinib (Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd.) and Xeljanz® (Pfizer Inc.) in healthy Chinese subjects, providing basis for the clinical application of tofacitinib.

METHODS: Healthy Chinese subjects (N = 32) were randomly assigned to two groups at a 1:1 ratio. Subjects orally took 5 mg tofacitinib or Xeljanz® per cycle in random sequence. Blood samples were collected at 15 sampling points per cycle, and plasma drug concentrations of tofacitinib or Xeljanz® were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and statistical analysis for the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. Subjects’ physical indicators were monitored during the whole process to evaluate drug safety.

RESULTS: The adjusted geometric mean ratios (GMRs) of the peak concentration (C_max), area under the curve (AUC) from time zero to the last measurable concentration (AUC_0-t) and AUC from time zero to observed infinity (AUC_0-∞) were all within the range of 80-125%. The other PK parameter values were similar. The above values were all meeting the bioequivalence criteria with well safety.

CONCLUSION: The pharmacokinetic parameters and safety profile of tofacitinib were similar to those of Xeljanz® in healthy Chinese subjects. Therefore, tofacitinib can be considered bioequivalent to Xeljanz®, and the findings of this trial will promote the clinical application of tofacitinib.

PMID:35461158 | DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108780

Foot (Edinb). 2021 Oct 29;51:101874. doi: 10.1016/j.foot.2021.101874. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Compare the functional outcomes of comparative studies of ankle arthrodesis (AA) and total ankle replacements (TAR).

DESIGN: Systematic review using PRISMA guidelines.

DATA SOURCES: Medline, Cochrane and EMBASE databases in July 2020.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Studies that directly compared TAR and AA which reported patient reported outcomes measures (PROMs) of pain, function and quality of life.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two authors independently reviewed all papers. PROMs were allocated into pain, function or quality of life domains. Two summary statistics were created to allow for analysis of the PROMs. These statistics were the mean difference in post-operative score and the mean difference in the change of score.

RESULTS: 1323 papers were assessed of which 20 papers were included. 898 ankle arthrodesis and 1638 ankle replacements were evaluated. The mean follow up was 3.3 years (range 0.5-13.0 years). AA patients had a mean age of 55.7 (range 20-82) and TAR 62.5 (range 21-89). There was major heterogeneity in outcomes used. We were unable to find a significant difference between the reported change in PROMs following TAR and AA. 29.3% of PROMs and their subscores showed TAR had better outcomes, 68.7% showed no significant difference and only 2.0% showed AA to have better outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS: The majority of published studies found equality in patient reported outcomes following TAR and AA although the quality of the studies was of low-level evidence. There is an urgent need for randomised controlled studies to definitively answer this important clinical question.

PMID:35461152 | DOI:10.1016/j.foot.2021.101874

Cognition. 2022 Apr 20;225:105123. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105123. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Statistical learning (SL) is considered a cornerstone of cognition. While decades of research have unveiled the remarkable breadth of structures that participants can learn from statistical patterns in experimental contexts, how this ability interfaces with real-world cognitive phenomena remains inconclusive. These mixed results may arise from the fact that SL is often treated as a general ability that operates uniformly across all domains, typically assuming that sensitivity to one kind of regularity implies equal sensitivity to others. In a preregistered study, we sought to clarify the link between SL and language by aligning the type of structure being processed in each task. We focused on the learning of trigram patterns using artificial and natural language statistics, to evaluate whether SL predicts sensitivity to comparable structures in natural speech. Adults were trained and tested on an artificial language incorporating statistically-defined syllable trigrams. We then evaluated their sensitivity to similar statistical structures in natural language using a multiword chunking task, which examines serial recall of high-frequency word trigrams-one of the building blocks of language. Participants’ aptitude in learning artificial syllable trigrams positively correlated with their sensitivity to high-frequency word trigrams in natural language, suggesting that similar computations span learning across both tasks. Short-term SL taps into key aspects of long-term language acquisition when the statistical structures-and the computations used to process them-are comparable. Better aligning the specific statistical patterning across tasks may therefore provide an important steppingstone toward elucidating the relationship between SL and cognition at large.

PMID:35461113 | DOI:10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105123

Foot (Edinb). 2021 Oct 26;51:101873. doi: 10.1016/j.foot.2021.101873. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: As E-scooter use is increasing with the introduction of urban rental schemes in the United Kingdom, associated foot and ankle injuries will become more prevalent. The aim of this study is to assess the injury pattern and injury severity of foot and ankle trauma associated with E-scooter use.

METHODS: A retrospective case analysis of all E-scooter foot and ankle injuries presenting to three London hospitals between 1st January and 31st December 2020 was conducted. Data including demographics, mechanism and location of injury sustained, management, duration of hospital stay and mortality were collected.

RESULTS: 20 patients were identified with a total of 27 foot and ankle fractures. Eight patients had fracture dislocations, four sustained open injuries and 45% (9/20) of patients required surgical treatment. Those travelling over 15.5 mph were significantly more likely to require operative intervention (70%) than those travelling below 15.5 mph (20%) (P < 0.033) and were more likely to have an open fracture (40% compared to 0%) (P < 0.0886), however the latter was not of statistical significance. 85% (17/20) of rider’s injuries involved the foot and/or ankle only. There were no mortalities at 30 days.

CONCLUSIONS: E-scooter use can cause serious foot and ankle injuries. Robust guidelines and legislation restricting top speeds and enforcing the wearing of protective clothing could be implemented. This may protect the E-scooter user from significant foot and ankle injury.

PMID:35461150 | DOI:10.1016/j.foot.2021.101873

Meat Sci. 2022 Apr 4;189:108813. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108813. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

To compare the eating quality (EQ) of wet (WA) and dry aged (DA) mutton longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) and semimembranosus (SM), bone-in leg and loin primals from 81 merino cull ewes were WA or DA for 14, 28, 42 or 56 days. Untrained consumers (n = 540) assessed the excised LTL and SM for EQ (tenderness, juiciness, liking of flavour and overall liking, 0-100), quality grade and respective willingness to pay (WTP). LTL scored higher than SM for EQ, P < 0.001 for all consumer sores. Mean LTL EQ scores were > 70 and mean SM EQ scores >54. Ageing method had no significant effect on LTL or SM EQ (P > 0.05 for all consumer scores). Ageing beyond 14 days improved SM and LTL tenderness. Consumers most often graded LTL and SM quality grades as “better than everyday” and “good everyday” respectively; corresponding WTP was 26.90 $AUD/kg and 18.80 $AUD/kg. Extended ageing periods improved mutton tenderness.

PMID:35461105 | DOI:10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108813

Biomed Pharmacother. 2022 Apr 20;150:112939. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112939. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Morus alba L. (White mulberry), is an important and popular herbal plant of the Moraceae family. It has been widely used due to its therapeutic properties, which include antidiabetic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, and hypolpidemic activity. The present study evaluates the effects of aqueous white mulberry leaf extract on the transepithelial ion pathway in the rabbit colon epithelium (n = 48), using electrophysiological methods. In addition, the antioxidant potential and the chemical composition of the extract were determined. A mechanical-chemical stimulation with white mulberry in RH fluid (MB-RH) caused a statistically significant (p < 0.001) increase in the transepithelial electrical potential difference, from – 0.130 to – 0.685 mV. Gentle washing of the intestine with white mulberry in bumetanide, used as inhibitor of transepithelial chloride pathways, resulted in 14.8% shorter reaction than during MB-RH stimulation. There were no statistically significant differences between the electric potential values measured during stimulation with amiloride solution, used as inhibitor of transepithelial sodium pathways, and white mulberry in amilorid solution (p = 0.485). A short-term application of extract to the colon epithelium is responsible for local and reversible inhibition of chloride ion channels. The extract enhances sodium ion absorption and consequently changes the electrical potential. The effect of white mulberry extract on sodium ion transport may be related to the mechanism of hypoglycaemic activity of mulberry leaves.

PMID:35461088 | DOI:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112939

Drug Alcohol Depend. 2022 Apr 6;235:109442. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109442. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether young adult opioid misuse reflects a general tendency toward substance use and is influenced by general substance use risk or whether it is a different phenomenon from other drug use.

METHODS: At ages 23 (2016) and 26 (2019), a panel of young adults (n = 3794 to 3833) in the United States self-reported their past-month substance use (opioid misuse, heavy drinking, cigarettes, cannabis) and substance-specific risk factors (perceptions of harm; approval of use; and use of each substance by friends and romantic partners). Structural equation models examined non-opioid and opioid-specific associations between latent risk and substance use factors.

RESULTS: Opioid misuse and opioid-specific risk factors shared significant variance with latent substance use and latent substance use risk, respectively, which were strongly associated. A statistically significant residual correlation between opioid-specific risk and opioid misuse remained.

CONCLUSION: Young adult opioid misuse reflects a general tendency toward substance use and is strongly predicted by risk for substance use. Opioid-specific risk factors play only a small independent role. Existing evidence-based substance use interventions may be effective in preventing opioid misuse among young adults.

PMID:35461085 | DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109442

Early Hum Dev. 2022 Apr 13;168:105572. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105572. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Over the past five decades the bulk of research on exposure to maternal mental health disorders and infant neurodevelopment has been generated in high-income countries. The current study included infants, residing in low-income communities in South Africa, born to mothers with a history of psychiatric disorders.

AIM: To assess the motor behavior of 10- to 20-week-old infants exposed to maternal mental health disorders, and a subgroup of infants with prenatal psychotropic medication exposure.

METHODS: The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive study, with a longitudinal subgroup analysis. General Movement Assessment (GMA), including the Motor Optimality Score-Revised (MOS-R), was used at 10-20 weeks corrected age to assess infant motor behavior.

RESULTS: The study included 112 infants. No significant difference (p = 0.523) was found on the MOS-R between infants exposed to maternal mental health disorders (n = 70) and the comparison group (n = 42). Both the exposed and comparison groups scored within the mildly reduced range on the MOS-R. No significant differences were found in a subgroup of infants with prenatal exposure to multi-class psychotropic medication (n = 17), mono-class psychotropic medication (n = 35) or valproate exposure (n = 10) (p > 0.1).

CONCLUSION: No association was found between exposure to maternal mental health disorders or exposure to psychotropic medication and infant motor behavior at 10-20 weeks post-term age on the MOS-R. Future research should focus on the contribution of exposure to specific classes and types of psychotropic medication on neurodevelopmental outcome of infants in larger cohorts.

PMID:35461052 | DOI:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105572

Drug Alcohol Depend. 2022 Apr 16;235:109467. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109467. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The majority of drug overdose deaths in the United States involve opioids, and synthetic opioid-involved overdose death rates are increasing. Naloxone is a key prevention strategy yet estimates of its administration are limited.

METHODS: We analyzed 2019 data from 37 states and the District of Columbia in CDC’s State Unintentional Drug Overdose Reporting System to estimate the percentage of decedents, by sociodemographic subgroup, who experienced a fatal opioid-involved overdose and had no evidence of naloxone administration.

RESULTS: A total of 77.3% of 33,084 opioid-involved overdose deaths had no evidence of naloxone administration. Statistically significant subgroup differences were observed for all sociodemographic groups examined except housing status. The highest percentages of decedents lacking evidence of naloxone administration were those with highest educational attainment (doctorate or professional degree, 87.0%), oldest (55-64 years, 83.4%; ≥65 years, 87.3%) and youngest ages (<15 years, 87.5%), and single marital status (84.5%). The lowest percentages of no evidence of naloxone administration were observed for non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaskan Native persons (66.2%) and those ages 15-24 years (70.8%).

CONCLUSIONS: More than three-quarters of opioid-involved overdose deaths had no evidence of naloxone administration, underscoring the need to ensure sufficient naloxone access and capacity for utilization. While fatal overdose data cannot fully characterize sociodemographic disparities in naloxone administration, naloxone education and access efforts can be informed by apparent inequities. Public health partners can assist persons who use drugs (PWUD) by maintaining naloxone supply and amplifying messages about the high risk of using drugs alone among PWUD and their social networks.

PMID:35461083 | DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109467

Gait Posture. 2022 Apr 6;95:76-83. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.04.003. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Lower limb prosthetic alignment is a procedure mostly subjective. A prosthetic misaligned induces gait deviations and long-term joint diseases. The alignment effects for each lower limb and the stump stays uncertain.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: To identify the effect of the transfemoral alignment prosthesis on ground reaction forces and thermal images of the residual limb.

METHODS: The effect of misalignment and nominal alignment was evaluated in sixteen transfemoral amputees. The nominal alignment was considered as the optimal alignment for each subject. Misalignment included random variations in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral translation of the prosthetic foot and the angle of flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and internal-external rotation of the socket and prosthetic foot. The control group consisted of fifteen non-amputee individuals. The ground reaction force parameters and stump temperature were analyzed for each alignment condition. The statistical analysis included the one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and multiple comparison tests.

RESULTS: The prosthesis did not produce statistically significant changes in the average temperature of residual limbs. However, the temperature distribution on the stump skin was different (P < 0.05). The transfemoral prosthesis misalignment produced an irregular heat diffusion on the anterior, posterior, and lateral sides of the stump contour compared to the nominal alignment (P < 0.05). The sound limb did not show differences between nominal alignments and misalignments for most ground reaction force parameters. For almost all GRF parameters, significant differences were observed for the prosthetic limb between misalignment and nominal alignment (P < 0.001). The symmetry indices of ground reaction force parameters of transfemoral amputees did not show any kind of significant improvements after aligning the prosthesis nominally.

SIGNIFICANCE: The stump’s temperature distribution and the ground reaction force findings for the prosthetic limb provide a better understanding of the alignment procedure of the transfemoral prosthesis and improve the amputees’ compliance to the prosthesis.

PMID:35461047 | DOI:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.04.003