Tag: pubmed

PLOS Glob Public Health. 2025 Apr 22;5(4):e0004446. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0004446. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

Developing active ingredients for the global market requires substantial investment, often exceeding 300 million euros. This process takes an average of 12 years from initiation to commercialization. Despite this lengthy timeline, the industry frequently encounters significant restrictions and bans on active ingredients due to stringent international regulations and evolving environmental safety requirements. In this context, the analysis of regulatory lists using advanced machine learning and statistical modeling techniques becomes crucial for identifying the key parameters that influence the restriction and banning of active ingredients. This study aims to provide insights that enhance decision-making processes, thereby contributing to sustainability by reducing unnecessary environmental research and development efforts. The findings indicate that Governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations, as well as Blacklists, are key influencers in the restriction and ban of active ingredients for agricultural use, with Codex Alimentarius acting as a regional influencer depending on the specific country. Ultimately, the insights derived from this research can assist industries and policymakers in developing more effective regulatory strategies, promoting sustainable practices, and ensuring that new active ingredients are selected based on comprehensive and informed criteria that consider both safety and environmental impact.

PMID:40261900 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pgph.0004446

Conserv Biol. 2025 Apr 22:e70026. doi: 10.1111/cobi.70026. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Alternative protein interventions are common in conservation. They aim to reduce the hunting or consumption of wildlife by promoting substitutes. However, selecting suitable meat substitutes is challenging because many factors drive wild meat consumption. Palatability, one such factor, drives consumer food preference and is potentially crucial in determining meat substitutability in the context of alternative protein interventions. Nonetheless, there have been few assessments of wild meat palatability compared with other options. We collected data on the meat palatability of 96 animal species via a standardized questionnaire administered to 570 hunters, household members, and wild meat vendors (190 respondents in each group) in southeast Nigeria to examine the potential for wild meat substitution. We found positive correlations in the palatability of different species across pairs of respondent groups, highlighting preference similarities. We did not find a statistically significant difference in the average palatability of domestic meat, fish, invertebrates, or wild meat, suggesting scope for substitution based on palatability. Among mammalian orders, ungulates, carnivores, primates, and rodents had similar palatability, but pangolins (Phataginus sp. and Smutsia gigantea) had higher palatability than all orders except rodents. These findings suggest that substituting wild meat with other types of meat based on palatability might be appropriate, except for pangolins, which can only be suitably substituted with rodents.

PMID:40260657 | DOI:10.1111/cobi.70026

Ann Afr Med. 2025 Apr 22. doi: 10.4103/aam.aam_155_24. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT: Seizures are challenging medical emergencies that can be difficult to diagnose, especially since no quick, reliable tests are available in an emergency setting. Approximately 10% of the general population will experience at least one seizure episode during their lifetime. Epilepsy mimics include several paroxysmal conditions that resemble epileptic seizures in their clinical presentation. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are common mimics.

AIMS: Studies involving PNES in Saudi Arabia are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PNES and associated risk factors.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted at our institution to assess the prevalence of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures in patients presenting with seizure.

METHODS: We retrospectively collected and analyzed the medical records of 260 patients who experienced seizures between 2019 and 2020.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 27).

RESULTS: PNES was diagnosed in 9.2% of the participants, with females accounting for the majority of cases (70.8%). A statistically significant difference was observed between males and females (P < 0.05). The majority (95.8%) of patients with PNES had normal EEGs, and no abnormalities were found on computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging in most patients (79.1%). In addition, 58.3% of patients with PNES reported taking antiepileptic drugs.

CONCLUSIONS: Determining the prevalence of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures is challenging. Our study revealed that the prevalence of PNES in patients with seizures was 9.2%. Female sex is a significant risk factor for PNES. Demographic characteristics and clinical data can help identify patients with PNES and guide appropriate management options.

PMID:40260645 | DOI:10.4103/aam.aam_155_24

Clin Cancer Res. 2025 Apr 21. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-24-4105. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Enabled by advancements in next-generation sequencing for hereditary cancer conditions, low allele frequency variants (LAFVs) are detected by testing laboratories. This study describes the frequency and clinical factors associated with LAFVs and reports results of follow-up testing when available.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed LAFV cases identified through multi-gene panel testing (MGPT) at a single high-volume germline genetic testing laboratory. LAFVs were defined as variant allele frequencies (VAF) between 10-30% as confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Comparative analyses were conducted between pathogenic variants (PVs) with a VAF of 30-60% (inferred heterozygous) and LAFV cohorts. Clinical characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression models. Ancillary testing was performed on alternative specimens or family members to determine if LAFVs were due to constitutional mosaicism.

RESULTS: Among 363,405 individuals undergoing MGPT, 965 (1.8%) had variants with VAF between 10-30%. Sanger sequencing confirmed 463 (0.1%) as LAFVs. Among the confirmed LAFVs, 262 (57.6%) were classified as PVs. The LAFV cohort compared to the control heterozygous cohort was significantly older, with a higher proportion of individuals > 50 years (84.1% vs. 54.9%; p<0.001). LAFVs were present in the following genes: TP53 (110;64.7%), NF1 (23;13.5%), CHEK2 (13;7.6%), ATM (12; 7.1%), and BRCA1 (4;2.4%). Ancillary testing performed on 62 cases with LAFVs confirmed 17.7% (11/62) as constitutional mosaicism.

CONCLUSION: LAFVs were infrequently detected in MGPT, representing 0.8% of the total variants and 0.1% of total tested. Ancillary testing is needed to understand the origins and clinical implications of LAFVs in patients and families.

PMID:40260637 | DOI:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-24-4105

Mol Oncol. 2025 Apr 22. doi: 10.1002/1878-0261.70041. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) leads to genomic instability, and patients with HRD can benefit from HRD-targeting therapies. Previous studies have primarily focused on identifying HRD biomarkers using data from a single technology. Here we integrated features from different genomic data types, including total copy number (CN), allele-specific copy number (ASCN) and single nucleotide variants (SNV). Using a semi-supervised method, we developed HRD classifiers from 1404 breast tumours across two datasets based on their BRCA1/2 status, demonstrating improved HRD identification when aggregating different data types. Notably, HRD-positive tumours in ER-negative disease showed improved survival post-adjuvant chemotherapy, while HRD status strongly correlated with neoadjuvant treatment response. Furthermore, our analysis of cell lines highlighted a sensitivity to PARP inhibitors, particularly rucaparib, among predicted HRD-positive lines. Exploring somatic mutations outside BRCA1/2, we confirmed variants in several genes associated with HRD. Our method for HRD classification can adapt to different data types or resolutions and can be used in various scenarios to help refine patient selection for HRD-targeting therapies that might lead to better clinical outcomes.

PMID:40260608 | DOI:10.1002/1878-0261.70041

Acta Paediatr. 2025 Apr 22. doi: 10.1111/apa.70102. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

AIM: Adolescents predominantly suffer from headaches and sleep bruxism. Yet, the association between both conditions remains unclear. This study investigated the relationship between primary headaches and possible sleep bruxism in adolescents.

METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August 24 to October 13, 2022, with 567 adolescents (aged 14-19 years old) from public schools in Recife, Brazil. Data were collected via questionnaires on sociodemographic characteristics, self-medication and the Paediatric Migraine Disability Assessment. Possible sleep bruxism was diagnosed based on international consensus criteria. Pearson’s chi-square test and multivariate analysis were used for statistical evaluation (p < 0.05).

RESULTS: The sample comprised 567 students, predominantly female (54.1%) and aged 16-17 years old (65.1%). Most attended school full-time (61.6%), had employed guardians (57.5%) and had a family income around the minimum wage (44.3%). Possible sleep bruxism was identified in 10.6% of adolescents, while headaches affected 40.6%. Over-the-counter medication use was reported by 70.2%, with 68.8% specifically self-medicating for headaches. Headaches were associated with gender, guardian’s employment status, possible sleep bruxism and self-medication for headache (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Primary headaches were associated with possible sleep bruxism. Female adolescents and those with possible sleep bruxism were nearly twice as likely to experience headaches.

PMID:40260584 | DOI:10.1111/apa.70102

Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2025 Apr;41(4):339-347.

ABSTRACT

Objective To mine and analyze the routine blood test data of children with allergic rhinitis (AR), identify routine blood parameters related to childhood allergic rhinitis, establish an effective diagnostic model, and evaluate the performance of the model. Methods This study was a retrospective study of clinical cases. The experimental group comprised a total of 1110 children diagnosed with AR at the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University during the period from December 12, 2020 to December 12, 2021, while the control group included 1109 children without a history of allergic rhinitis or other allergic diseases who underwent routine physical examinations during the same period. Information such as age, sex and routine blood test results was collected for all subjects. The levels of routine blood test indicators were compared between AR children and healthy children using comprehensive intelligent baseline analysis, with indicators of P≥0.05 excluded; variables were screened by Lasso regression. Binary Logistic regression was used to further evaluate the influence of multiple routine blood indexes on the results. Five kinds of machine model algorithms were used, namely extreme value gradient lift (XGBoost), logistic regression (LR), gradient lift decision tree (LGBMC), Random forest (RF) and adaptive lift algorithm (AdaBoost), to establish the diagnostic models. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to screen the optimal model. The best LightGBM algorithm was used to build an online patient risk assessment tool for clinical application. Results Statistically significant differences were observed between the AR group and the control group in the following routine blood test indicators: mean cellular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), hemoglobin (HGB), absolute value of basophils (BASO), absolute value of eosinophils (EOS), large platelet ratio (P-LCR), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), platelet count (PLT), absolute values of leukocyte neutrophil (W-LCC), leukocyte monocyte (W-MCC), leukocyte lymphocyte (W-SCC), and age. Lasso regression identified these variables as important predictors, and binary Logistic regression further analyzed the significant influence of these variables on the results. The optimal machine learning algorithm LightGBM was used to establish a multi-index joint detection model. The model showed robust prediction performance in the training set, with AUC values of 0.8512 and 0.8103 in the internal validation set. Conclusion The identified routine blood parameters can be used as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and risk assessment of AR, which can improve the accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis. The established model provides scientific basis for more accurate diagnostic tools and personalized prevention strategies. Future studies should prospectively validate these findings and explore their applicability in other related diseases.

PMID:40260567

J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2025 Apr 22;60:96-101. doi: 10.2340/jphs.v60.43375.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Free flap reconstruction procedures are renowned for their duration and the requirement for many staff and large quantities of equipment. This single-centre cross-sectional study aimed to quantify the total emissions related to two such procedures carried out at a district general hospital.

METHODS: One deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) free flap procedure and one anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap procedure, both carried out in February 2024, were analysed. Data related to staff transport, anaesthetic duration, mass of disposable equipment, quantity of reusable surgical equipment and consumption of electricity and heating for the relevant theatre areas were collected. Emissions were calculated using UK government conversion factors and classified by scope and contributory element as per the Greenhouse Gas Protocol.

RESULTS: Total emissions were estimated at 385.5 kgCO2eq for the DIEP and 369.6 kgCO2eq for the ALT. Scope 1 emissions related to heating, atmospheric release of general anaesthetic and incineration of waste accounted for 33.7% of DIEP emissions and 35.6% of ALT emissions. Scope 2 emissions related to the use of grid electricity accounted for 44.8% of DIEP emissions and 46.7% of ALT emissions. Scope 3 emissions related to staff transport, cleaning of reusable equipment and the supply chain for disposable equipment accounted for 21.5% of DIEP emissions and 17.7% of ALT emissions.

CONCLUSION: Significant reductions in emissions may be achievable without significant infrastructural changes through initiatives to reduce staff transport by single-occupancy car, improving the energy efficiency of the theatre areas and reducing the use of single-use surgical equipment.

PMID:40260549 | DOI:10.2340/jphs.v60.43375

Palliat Support Care. 2025 Apr 22;23:e100. doi: 10.1017/S1478951525000318.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the impact of perceived caregiver burden and associated factors on the anger levels and anger expression styles of family caregivers for patients receiving palliative care at home.

METHODS: This cross-sectional and exploratory correlational type study was conducted with 343 family caregivers. Data were collected face-to-face between March and September 2022 using a Caregiver and Care Recipient Information Form, the Burden Interview, and the Trait Anger and Anger Expression Scale.

RESULTS: There was a significant from very weak to weak correlation between the caregiver burden scores and trait anger, anger-in, anger-out, and anger control scores. The caregiver burden increased trait anger, anger-in, and anger-out while decreasing anger control. The caregiver burden, daily caregiving hours, presence of another dependent at home, presence of a separate room for the care recipient, income level, chronic illness of caregiver, duration of caregiving per month, and care recipient gender explained 17.2% of the total variation in anger control scores.

SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: The caregiver burden levels and anger expression styles of family caregivers vary depending on the characteristics of both the caregiver and the care recipient. Family members may experience an increase in perceived caregiver burden, which can lead to elevated levels of trait anger, suppression of anger, and reduced anger control. Healthcare professionals should monitor the family caregivers’ caregiver burden and anger levels. Family caregivers should be encouraged and given opportunities to express their feelings and thoughts about caregiving. Strategies aimed at reducing the caregiver burden and coping with feelings of anger should be planned for the family members of patients receiving palliative care at home.

PMID:40260491 | DOI:10.1017/S1478951525000318

Palliat Support Care. 2025 Apr 22;23:e97. doi: 10.1017/S1478951525000252.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To describe the frequency of prognostic awareness (PA) in a population of advanced cancer patients in a Latino community and to explore the relationship between accurate PA with emotional distress and other covariates.

METHODS: In this cross-sectional study performed in Puente Alto, Chile, advanced cancer patients in palliative care completed a survey that included a single question to assess PA (Do you believe your cancer is curable? yes/no). Patients reporting that their cancer was not curable were considered as having accurate PA. Demographics, emotional distress, quality of life, and patient perception of treatment goals were also assessed. Analyses to explore associations between PA and patient variables were adjusted.

RESULTS: A total of 201 patients were included in the analysis. Mean age was 65, 50% female. One hundred and three patients (51%) reported an accurate PA. In the univariate analysis, accurate PA was associated with not having a partner (p = 0.012), increased emotional distress (p = 0.013), depression (p = 0.003), and were less likely to report that the goal of the treatment was to get rid of the cancer (p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, patients with accurate PA had higher emotional distress or depression, were less likely to have a partner, and to report that the goal of the treatment was to get rid of the cancer.

SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: Half of a population of Latino advanced cancer patients reported an accurate PA. Accurate PA was associated with increased emotional distress, which is similar to what has been reported in other countries. Weaknesses in prognostic disclosure by clinicians, local cultural factors, or higher motivation to seek prognostic information among distressed cancer patients could explain this association. Strategies to emotionally support patients when discussing prognostic information should be implemented.

PMID:40260487 | DOI:10.1017/S1478951525000252