Tag: pubmed

Schizophr Res. 2022 Mar 5;243:112-117. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.02.038. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Incarceration of individuals with mental disorders is an important public health topic. While incarceration appears to be associated with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, to the best of our knowledge, no study has examined the association between incarceration and psychotic experiences (PEs). The present study aimed to examine whether individuals with PEs had higher odds of incarceration among a general population sample using data from Baltimore and New York City (N = 974). We fitted three regression models to examine the association between incarceration and PEs, using hierarchical adjustments for sociodemographic factors, adverse childhood experiences, and neighborhood disruption. The odds ratio (OR) for incarceration was attenuated with inclusion of more covariates in the model but remained statistically significant even at the highest level of adjustment (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.30 to 3.46). Findings were similar when individually examining delusional mood, delusions of reference and persecution, and hallucination. For delusions of control, a significant association was not found in the highest level of adjustment. The present study provides novel information on the association between incarceration and PEs, adjusted for sociodemographic and psychosocial confounders. Taken in the context of prior studies, these data further support the need to address the high prevalence of psychosis across all aspects of the criminal justice system. Future studies should employ longitudinal data and objective outcome measurements.

PMID:35259671 | DOI:10.1016/j.schres.2022.02.038

Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2022 Feb 17;218:106701. doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106701. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Revealing the complexity behind subject-specific ankle joint mechanics requires simultaneous analysis of three-dimensional bony and soft-tissue structures. 3D musculoskeletal models have become pivotal in orthopedic treatment planning and biomechanical research. Since manual segmentation of these models is time-consuming and subject to manual errors, (semi-) automatic methods could improve the accuracy and enlarge the sample size of personalised ‘in silico’ biomechanical experiments and computer-assisted treatment planning. Therefore, our aim was to automatically predict ligament paths, cartilage topography and thickness in the ankle joint based on statistical shape modelling.

METHODS: A personalised cartilage and ligamentous prediction algorithm was established using geometric morphometrics, based on an ‘in-house’ generated lower limb skeletal model (N = 542), tibiotalar cartilage (N = 60) and ankle ligament segmentations (N = 10). For cartilage, a population-averaged thickness map was determined by use of partial least-squares regression. Ligaments were wrapped around bony contours based on iterative shortest path calculation. Accuracy of ligament path and cartilage thickness prediction was quantified using leave-one-out experiments. The novel personalised thickness prediction was compared with a constant cartilage thickness of 1.50 mm by use of a paired sample T-test.

RESULTS: Mean distance error of cartilage and ligament prediction was 0.12 mm (SD 0.04 mm) and 0.54 mm (SD 0.05 mm), respectively. No significant differences were found between the personalised thickness cartilage and segmented cartilage of the tibia (p = 0.73, CI [-1.60 .10^-17, 1.13 .10^-17]) and talus (p = 0.95, CI[ -1.35 .10^-17, 1.28 .10^-17]). For the constant thickness cartilage, a statistically significant difference was found in 89% and 92% of the tibial (p < 0.001, CI [0.51, 0.58]) and talar (p < 0.001, CI [0.33, 0.40]) cartilage area.

CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we described a personalised prediction algorithm of cartilage and ligaments in the ankle joint. We were able to predict cartilage and main ankle ligaments with submillimeter accuracy. The proposed method has a high potential for generating large (virtual) sample sizes in biomechanical research and mitigates technological advances in computer-assisted orthopaedic surgery.

PMID:35259673 | DOI:10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106701

Sex Med. 2022 Mar 5;10(2):100500. doi: 10.1016/j.esxm.2022.100500. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Carbohydrate restriction in diet is becoming a popular means of losing weight nowadays, although it has been reported that excessive intake of low-carbohydrate and high-protein (LCHP) diet causes an adverse effect on cardiovascular function.

AIM: To investigate the influence of LCHP on erectile function in rats.

METHODS: A total of 48, 12-week-old rats were divided into 2 groups and either fed a LCHP diet (LCHP group) or a normal diet (Control group). Hematological examination, blood pressure evaluation, erectile function assessments as well as evaluations of the relaxation and contractile responses of corpus cavernosum were carried out in these rats by using standardized methods. Statistical analysis using 2-way ANOVA and Welch’s t-test was conducted to examine the obtained data.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: At the end of the study period, the evaluated outcomes to assess erectile function were intracavernosal pressure , mean arterial pressure , endothelial functions, nitric oxide (NO)-operated nerve functions and the expressions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1).

RESULTS: The intracavernosal pressure / mean arterial pressure ratio was significantly lower in the LCHP group (P < .05) at 4 weeks. Compared to the Control group, the LCHP group exhibited significantly lower responses to ACh and EFS and a decreased nNOS mRNA expression. The results based on this animal model indicate that extreme carbohydrate restricted diet may affect erectile function. Our study identified that LCHP decreased erectile function in rats. A major limitation of this study is, due to the extreme condition of completely replacing carbohydrates with protein, that carbohydrate intake will be gradually increased in the future.

CONCLUSION: Extreme carbohydrate restriction and high protein in diet may cause ED with vascular endothelial dysfunction and a decrease in the relaxation response of the corpus cavernosum smooth muscle via NO-operated nerves. Kataoka T, Hidaka J, Suzuki J, et al. Evaluating the Effects of Low Carbohydrate and High Protein Diet on Erectile Function in Rats. Sex Med 2021;10:100500.

PMID:35259652 | DOI:10.1016/j.esxm.2022.100500

Nurse Educ Today. 2022 Feb 17;111:105302. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105302. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Nursing students frequently experience offensive behaviour and communication problems with patients, clinical supervisors, and nursing and faculty staff. A communication training was developed based on connecting communication to prevent and manage conflict, and build interpersonal trust-based relationships.

OBJECTIVES: Feasibility study to evaluate the acceptability, demand, implementation, integration, and limited efficacy of a training based on connecting communication within a nursing curriculum.

DESIGN: Mixed method design.

PARTICIPANTS: Third-year nursing students (n = 24).

SETTING: A Dutch Bachelor of Nursing degree programme in Rotterdam.

METHODS: Between November 2019 and March 2020, data were collected from students and trainers, using quantitative and qualitative methods. Feasibility aspects, including limited efficacy testing, were measured with pre- and post-training surveys. Descriptive statistical analyses and (non)parametric tests were used to analyse feasibility aspects and baseline and follow-up scores for empathy, self-compassion, and exposure to violence. In addition, reflection reports of students and two paired interviews with the two trainers were analysed using qualitative content analysis with a deductive approach.

RESULTS: The post-training survey and reflection reports showed a positive assessment of the training on acceptability, demand, and integration. Students rated the training as helpful in improving their communication skills and in dealing with conflict situations. Furthermore, they recommended to implement the training in earlier years of the educational programme. According to the trainers, miscommunication, students’ lack of preparation for lessons, and the timing of the training prohibited full participation in the training. The pretest-posttest survey results show statistically significant improved self-compassion (3.77 vs. 4.10; p = 0.03) and decreased self-judgement (4.21 vs. 3.50; p = 0.03). Empathy and exposure to violence did not change.

CONCLUSIONS: From the perspective of nursing students and trainers involved, this 10-week training based on connecting communication is feasible to implement in the Bachelor of Nursing degree programme, preferably before clinical placements.

PMID:35259563 | DOI:10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105302

Epilepsy Behav. 2022 Mar 5;129:108636. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108636. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The effect of the frontal lobe on cognitive functions is a subject that has been studied frequently. However, cognitive impairments that can be seen in frontal lobe epilepsy are less addressed. In previous studies on decision-making disorders in patients with epilepsy, patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) were frequently studied, and it was reported that decision-making disorders could be encountered in this patient group. In this study, we aimed to compare the decision-making performance of patients with cryptogenic frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) and TLE in ambiguous situations.

METHODS: Twenty patients with TLE (mean age: 34.10 ± 11.71 years) and 20 patients with FLE (mean age: 32.25 ± 11.92 years) were enrolled in the study and their cognitive performance was compared with 20 healthy controls (mean age: 33.15 ± 13.66 years). Neuropsychological tests were performed on the participants for sleep, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, intelligence, attention, language functions, memory and learning, and frontal axis functions. Decision-making performance in ambiguous situations was studied using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT).

RESULTS: Iowa Gambling Task performances of patients with FLE and TLE were found to be worse than in healthy controls (p = 0.049). Although there was no statistically significant difference when the decision-making of patients with TLE and FLE was compared, it was observed that patients with FLE chose higher risk cards compared with those with TLE. The performances of the neuropsychological subgroup tests of patients with TLE and FLE in attention, language functions, memory and learning, and frontal axis functions were found to be significantly worse than in healthy subjects.

CONCLUSION: Decision-making in patients with TLE and FLE in ambiguous situations is similarly impaired compared with healthy controls.

PMID:35259626 | DOI:10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108636

J Psychosom Res. 2022 Mar 1;156:110775. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110775. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To obtain more insight into the patterns of co-occurring symptoms, biomarkers and predictors in Somatic Symptom Disorders and Related Disorders (SSRD) and to identify subgroups with profiles that might allow for personalised treatment.

METHODS: Cross-sectional study design with Latent class analysis (LCA) to determine different subgroups in a cohort of 239 outpatients with SSRD in 3 steps: 1) building a latent class model; 2) assigning subjects to the latent classes that suited them best based on their posterior probability; 3) investigating the associations between these classes and personal characteristics such as age, gender, somatic comorbidity and general health perception.

RESULTS: Four classes with clinically relevant profiles were found. One with trauma plus elevated inflammation biomarkers, high somatic symptom levels, pain and comorbid depression and anxiety. One with pain plus elevated biomarkers, depression and anxiety. One with low IL-6 and hsCRP, mostly linked to Illness Anxiety. And one with high pain and high elevated biomarkers, but less probability of other factors, that occurred mostly in men. General health perception was lower in classes with elevated inflammation biomarkers.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this first study exploring latent classes in an SSRD sample corroborate the current DSM-5 SSD subclassification for pain and Illness Anxiety Disorder. There is scope to extend the current DSM-5 classification with a subclassification of SSD with trauma, and a subclassification with elevated IL6 or hsCRP, as relevant for developing new personalised treatments addressing trauma or SLI in SSRD. Further research is needed to explore this.

PMID:35259552 | DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110775

J Neurol Sci. 2022 Feb 24;436:120205. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120205. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Despite differences in the pathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), it remains difficult to distinguish them. In this study, we aimed to discriminate between MS and NMOSD using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), free water (FW) imaging, and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI).

METHODS: Thirty patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) MS, 18 NMOSD patients with positive anti-aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G seroreactivity, and 20 age- and sex- matched currently healthy subjects underwent MRI. The differences in the DTI (fractional anisotropy [FA], axial diffusivity [AD], mean diffusivity [MD], and radial diffusivity [RD]), FW and FW-corrected DTI, and NODDI indices between the three groups were evaluated using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) and region-of-interest (ROI) analyses.

RESULTS: The ROI analysis of lesions indicated that the RRMS group had significantly higher AD, MD, RD, ISO and FW-corrected AD, and MD; and lower intracellular volume fraction (ICVF) than the NMOSD group. TBSS analysis showed increased water content in RRMS patients compared to NMOSD patients. Compared with healthy controls (HCs) using TBSS and ROI analysis, the changes in FW imaging indices were more limited than those of in DTI in RRMS patients.

CONCLUSION: FW imaging and NODDI were useful for identifying the etiology of neurodegeneration- and neuroinflammation-related microstructural changes in RRMS and NMOSD patients.

PMID:35259556 | DOI:10.1016/j.jns.2022.120205

Acad Pediatr. 2022 Mar 5:S1876-2859(22)00090-0. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2022.02.020. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35259547 | DOI:10.1016/j.acap.2022.02.020

Transl Res. 2022 Mar 5:S1931-5244(22)00043-3. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.02.009. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Whether hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with breast cancer risk remains elusive, and we aimed to elucidate it. A nationwide population-based cohort study of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (TNHIRD) was conducted. Additionally, breast cancer risk factors and HCV core expression were surveyed in breast cancer patients of a tertiary care center. Three TNHIRD cohorts (1:4:4, propensity score-matched, 2003-2012), including HCV-treated (3,646 HCV-infected females with interferon-based therapy ≥ 6 months), HCV-untreated (n=14,584) and HCV-uninfected (n=14,584) cohorts, were enrolled. The HCV-untreated cohort had the highest 9-year breast cancer cumulative incidence [2.017%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.382-2.846%], while the HCV-treated (1.073%; 0.414-2.356%) and HCV-uninfected (1.453%; 0.785-2.486%) cohorts showed no difference. Untreated HCV infection [hazard ratio (HR): 1.701; 95% CI: 1.205-2.400], urban residency (1.658, 1.183-2.323) and baseline cardiovascular events (1.920; 1.005-3.668) were associated with incident breast cancers. The interaction analysis showed that particularly among patients <49 years, HCV infection was associated with breast cancer development (2.193; 1.097-4.384). Of 12,170 hospitalized breast cancer patients, 4.90% were HCV Ab-positive. HCV Ab-positive patients were older (60.92+/-10.82 vs. 53.91+/-11.38 years, p<0.0001) and had a higher body mass index (25.39+/-5.1 vs. 24.5+/-4.3 kg/m², p=0.007), rates of diabetes (30.60 vs. 19.98%, p<0.0001), hypertension (46.9 vs. 30.39%, p<0.0001), dyslipidemia (25.52 vs. 20.28%, p=0.031) and hyperuricemia (11.38 vs. 5.52%, p<0.0001) than their counterparts. No HCV core-positive cells were demonstrated in breast cancer tissues. Conclusions: Untreated HCV infection, urbanization, and cardiovascular events were potential risk factors for breast cancer. The HCV-associated risk was most prominent among patients < 49 years, might not be associated with in situ HCV core-related oncogenesis but with metabolic alterations and was reversed by anti-HCV therapy.

PMID:35259528 | DOI:10.1016/j.trsl.2022.02.009

J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2022 Mar 5:S2213-333X(22)00096-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2022.01.012. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of a published clinical decision support tool to predict the likelihood of a retrievable inferior vena cava (IVC) filter being maintained as a permanent device.

METHODS: This multicenter retrospective cohort study included 1,498 consecutive patients (852 men,646 women; median age 60 years (range 18-98 years) who underwent retrievable IVC filter insertion between 1/2012-12/2019. Indication for IVC filtration, baseline neurologic disease, history of venous thromboembolism(VTE), and underlying malignancy were recorded. Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of a published clinical support tool were calculated to determine the utility of the tool.

RESULTS: The majority (1,271/1,498;85%) of filters were placed for VTE with a contraindication to anticoagulation. A history of VTE was present in 811/1,498(54%) patients; underlying malignancy in 531/1,498(35%) patients, and neurological disease in 258/1,498(17%) patients. Of 1,498 filters, 456(30%) were retrieved, 276(18%) filters were maintained as permanent devices on follow-up, and 766 (51%) filters were not retrieved. Accuracy of the clinical prediction model was 61%, sensitivity was 60%, and specificity was 62%.

CONCLUSION: A previously published clinical decision support tool to predict permanence of IVC filters had modest utility in the examined population; this should be taken into account when utilizing this clinical decision support tool outside of the original study population. Future studies are required to refine the predictive capability of IVC filter decision support tools for broader use across different patient populations.

PMID:35259532 | DOI:10.1016/j.jvsv.2022.01.012