Category: Nevin Manimala

Pest Manag Sci. 2021 Feb 28. doi: 10.1002/ps.6348. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

We review statistical approaches applicable for the analysis of data from binary mixture experiments, which are commonly used in pesticide science for evaluating antagonistic or synergistic effects. Specifically, two different situations are reviewed, one where every pesticide is only available at a single dose level and a mixture simply combines these doses, and one where the pesticides and their mixture are used at increasing doses. The former corresponds to using factorial designs whereas the latter corresponds to fixed-ratio designs. We consider dose addition and independent action as references for lack of antagonistic and synergistic effects. Data from factorial designs should be analyzed using two-way analysis of variance models whereas data from fixed-ratio designs should be analyzed using nonlinear dose-response analysis. In most cases, independent action seems the more natural choice for factorial designs. In contrast, dose addition is more appropriate for fixed-ratio designs although dose addition is not equally compatible with all types of dose-response data. Fixed-ratio designs should be preferred as they allow validation of the assumed dose-response relationship and, consequently, provide much stronger claims about antagonistic and synergistic effects than factorial designs. Finally, it should be noted that, in any case, simple ways of summarizing pesticide mixture effects may come at the price of more or less restrictive modelling assumptions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID:33644956 | DOI:10.1002/ps.6348

J Magn Reson Imaging. 2021 Feb 28. doi: 10.1002/jmri.27583. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Prior imaging studies characterizing lumbar arachnoiditis have been based on small sample numbers and have reported inconsistent results.

PURPOSE: To review the different imaging patterns of lumbosacral arachnoiditis, their significance, and clinical implications.

STUDY TYPE: Retrospective.

POPULATION: A total of 96 patients (43 women; average age 61.3 years) with imaging findings of arachnoiditis (postsurgical: N = 49; degenerative: N = 29; vertebral fracture: N = 6; epidural and subdural hemorrhage: N = 3, infectious: N= 1; other: N = 8) from January 2009 to April 2018.

FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: Sagittal and axial T2-weighted Turbo Spin Echo at 1.5 T and 3 T.

ASSESSMENT: Chart review was performed to assess the cause of arachnoiditis, and imaging was reviewed by two musculoskeletal and three neurology radiologists, blinded to the clinical data and to each other’s imaging interpretation. Previous classification included a three-group system based on the appearance of the nerve roots on T2-weighted images. A fourth group was added in our review as “nonspecified” and was proposed for indeterminate imaging findings that did not fall into the classical groups. The presence/absence of synechiae/fibrous bands that distort the nerve roots and of spinal canal stenosis was also assessed.

STATISTICAL TESTS: The kappa score was used to assess agreement between readers for both classification type and presence/absence of synechiae.

RESULTS: Postsurgical (51%) and degenerative changes (30%) were the most common etiologies. About 7%-55% of arachnoiditis were classified as group 4. There was very poor classification agreement between readers (kappa score 0.051). There was also poor interreader agreement for determining the presence of synechiae (kappa 0.18) with, however, strong interreader agreement for the presence of synechia obtained between the most experienced readers (kappa 0.89).

DATA CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the lack of consensus and clarity in the classification system of lumbar arachnoiditis. The presence of synechia has high interreader agreement only among most experienced readers and promises to be a useful tool in assessing arachnoiditis.

EVIDENCE LEVEL: 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

PMID:33644967 | DOI:10.1002/jmri.27583

Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1111/brv.12700. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The clinical effect of sperm DNA damage in assisted reproduction has been a controversial topic during recent decades, leading to a variety of clinical practice recommendations. While the latest European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) position report concluded that DNA damage negatively affects assisted reproduction outcomes, the Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) does not recommend the routine testing of DNA damage for in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Herein, our aim was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies investigating whether sperm DNA damage affects clinical outcomes in IVF and ICSI, in order to contribute objectively to a consistent clinical recommendation. A comprehensive systematic search was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines from the earliest available online indexing year until March 2020, using the MEDLINE-PubMed and EMBASE databases. We included studies analysing IVF and/or ICSI treatments performed in infertile couples in which sperm DNA damage was well defined and assessed. Studies also had to include information about pregnancy, implantation or live birth rates as primary outcomes. The NHLBI-NIH quality assessment tool was used to assess the quality of each study. Meta-analyses were conducted using the Mantel-Haenszel method with random-effects models to evaluate the Risk Ratio (RR) between high-DNA-damage and control groups, taking into account the 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity among studies was evaluated using the I² statistic. We also conducted sensitivity analyses and post-hoc subgroup analyses according to different DNA fragmentation assessment techniques. We identified 78 articles that met our inclusion and quality criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis, representing a total of 25639 IVF/ICSI cycles. Of these, 32 articles had sufficient data to be included in the meta-analysis, comprising 12380 IVF/ICSI cycles. Meta-analysis revealed that, considering IVF and ICSI results together, implantation rate (RR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.61-0.91; I² = 69) and pregnancy rate (RR = 0.83; 0.73-0.94; I² = 58) are negatively influenced by sperm DNA damage, although after adjustment for publication bias the relationship for pregnancy rate was no longer significant. The results showed a non-significant but detrimental tendency (RR = 0.78; 0.58-1.06; I² = 72) on live birth rate. Meta-analysis also showed that IVF outcomes are negatively influenced by sperm DNA damage, with a statistically significant impact on implantation (RR = 0.68; 0.52-0.89; I² = 50) and pregnancy rates (RR = 0.72; 0.55-0.95; I² = 72), although the latter was no longer significant after correction for publication bias. While it did not quite meet our threshold for significance, a negative trend was also observed for live birth rate (RR = 0.48; 0.22-1.02; I² = 79). In the case of ICSI, non-significant trends were observed for implantation (RR = 0.79; 0.60-1.04; I² = 72) or pregnancy rates (RR = 0.89; 0.78-1.02; I² = 44), and live birth rate (RR = 0.92; 0.67-1.27; I² = 70). The current review provides the largest evidence to date supporting a negative association between sperm DNA damage and conventional IVF treatments, significantly reducing implantation and pregnancy rates. The routine use of sperm DNA testing is therefore justified, since it may help improve the outcomes of IVF treatments and/or allow a given couple to be advised on the most suitable treatment. Further well-designed controlled studies on a larger number of patients are required to allow us to reach more precise conclusions, especially in the case of ICSI treatments.

PMID:33644978 | DOI:10.1111/brv.12700

J Magn Reson Imaging. 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1002/jmri.27566. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Diffusion-weighted (DW) echo-planar imaging (EPI) is prone to geometric distortions due to B₀ inhomogeneities. Both prospective and retrospective approaches have been developed to decrease and correct such distortions.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the performance of reduced-field-of-view (FOV) acquisition and retrospective distortion correction methods in decreasing distortion artifacts for breast imaging. Coverage of the axilla in reduced-FOV DW magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and residual distortion were also assessed.

STUDY TYPE: Retrospective.

POPULATION/PHANTOM: Breast phantom and 169 women (52.4 ± 13.4 years old) undergoing clinical breast MRI.

FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: A 3.0 T/ full- and reduced-FOV DW gradient-echo EPI sequence.

ASSESSMENT: Performance of reversed polarity gradient (RPG) and FSL topup in correcting breast full- and reduced-FOV EPI data was evaluated using the mutual information (MI) metric between EPI and anatomical images. Two independent breast radiologists determined if coverage on both EPI data sets was adequate to evaluate axillary nodes and identified residual nipple distortion artifacts.

STATISTICAL TESTS: Two-way repeated-measures analyses of variance and post hoc tests were used to identify differences between EPI modality and distortion correction method. Generalized linear mixed effects models were used to evaluate differences in axillary coverage and residual nipple distortion.

RESULTS: In a breast phantom, residual distortions were 0.16 ± 0.07 cm and 0.22 ± 0.13 cm in reduced- and full-FOV EPI with both methods, respectively. In patients, MI significantly increased after distortion correction of full-FOV (11 ± 5% and 18 ± 9%, RPG and topup) and reduced-FOV (8 ± 4% both) EPI data. Axillary nodes were observed in 99% and 69% of the cases in full- and reduced-FOV EPI images. Residual distortion was observed in 93% and 0% of the cases in full- and reduced-FOV images.

DATA CONCLUSION: Minimal distortion was achieved with RPG applied to reduced-FOV EPI data. RPG improved distortions for full-FOV images but with more modest improvements and limited correction near the nipple.

EVIDENCE LEVEL: 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.

PMID:33644939 | DOI:10.1002/jmri.27566

Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2021 Mar 1;49(2):113-121. doi: 10.15586/aei.v49i2.34. eCollection 2021.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Novel immunodiagnostic markers are required in order to discriminate between mild hypogammaglobulinemia and severe humoral primary immune deficiencies in children. The efficacy of an antibody response to infections and vaccines is underpinned by T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, activating an immunoglobulin class switch recombination, somatic hypermutations, and affinity maturation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the formation of the Tfh cells in antibody deficient children and to define their importance as prognostic markers helpful in defining the severity of hypogammaglobulinemia.

METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 200 children aged from 2 months to 10 years, in whom hypogammaglobulinemia was assessed, from January to December 2019. In all the children studied, a flow cytometric analysis of the Tfh cell compartment was performed.

RESULTS: In young infants aged from 2 to 9 months, the mean relative frequency of the Tfh population was lower than in the control population. Concomitantly, the relative values of Tfh cells, corresponding with the 95th percentile, were below the reference values in all age groups.

CONCLUSIONS: A deficiency of Tfh cells in young infants mirrors the immaturity of the humoral immune response, whereas in older children Tfh cells are proposed as a prognostic marker facilitating to distinguish between mild hypogammaglobulinemia and the developing common variable immunodeficiency.

PMID:33641302 | DOI:10.15586/aei.v49i2.34

Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2021 Mar 1;49(2):53-59. doi: 10.15586/aei.v49i2.64. eCollection 2021.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Inclusion of baked-milk products to the diet appears to markedly accelerate tolerance to unheated milk compared to a strict avoidance diet.

OBJECTIVE: : The present study aims to investigate the predictors of baked-milk tolerance in children with Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated cow’s milk (CM) allergy.

METHODS: The study included 80 patients diagnosed with IgE-mediated CM allergy upon oral food challenge (OFC) testing at our clinic. Patients who developed and did not develop reactions during OFC with baked milk were compared considering clinical and laboratory parameters.

RESULTS: Eighty patients with CM allergy comprised 48 male and 32 female infants with an average age of 7.25 ± 2.45 (3-13) months. We found that 62.5% of them showed tolerance to baked milk in the OFC test performed with cakes containing 2.6-g milk protein. When the patients who tolerated and could not tolerate baked-milk products were compared for test results, we detected a statistically significant intergroup difference regarding diameter of wheal in skin prick test (SPT) performed with muffin slurry, levels of specific Immunoglobulin E (sIgE) in CM, sheep’s milk (SM), goat’s milk (GM), casein, and the amount of unheated milk consumed until a reaction developed in the OFC test performed with unheated milk (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: We defined novel decision points based on CM, SM, GM, casein sIgE levels, wheal diameter in SPT with muffin slurry, and the amount of milk ingested during OFC performed with unheated milk that may be useful in predicting outcomes of baked-milk ingestion.

PMID:33641294 | DOI:10.15586/aei.v49i2.64

Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2021 Mar 1;49(2):23-30. doi: 10.15586/aei.v49i2.51. eCollection 2021.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate whether rapid weight gain in early life was associated with the severity of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis in children.

METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 190 patients (1-24 months) hospitalized for RSV bronchiolitis. Parameters of bronchiolitis severity were compared between rapid (change in weight z-score from birth >0.67, n = 65) and normal weight gain groups (n = 125). We assessed for correlations between bronchiolitis severity and weight gain. Linear regression was performed to predict for bronchiolitis severity based on weight gain, controlling for covariates. SPSS was used for statistical analyses.

RESULTS: The rapid weight gain group had longer mean durations of tachypnea (2.3±2.0 vs. 1.7±1.8 days, P = 0.027), wheezing (3.2±2.5 vs. 1.6±1.8 days, P < 0.001), and chest retractions (1.5±2.2 vs. 0.6±1.3 days, P = 0.007). Correlations of weight gain with tachypnea (r = 0.146), wheezing (r = 0.279), and chest retractions (r = 0.179) were statistically significant. Weight gain predicted for tachypnea (B = 0.485, P = 0.013) and wheezing (B = 0.846, P = 0.001) durations after adjusting for covariates of severity (age, sex, current weight, RSV type, coinfection, recurrent bronchiolitis, hospital stay, fever, oxygen supplementation, maximal respiratory and heart rates, and laboratory indices).

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest an association between weight gain and severity of RSV bronchiolitis in young children. Weight gain was significantly associated with the durations of tachypnea and wheezing. The trajectory of weight gain in early life may play a significant role in the clinical course of RSV bronchiolitis.

PMID:33641290 | DOI:10.15586/aei.v49i2.51

Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2021 Mar 1;49(2):46-52. doi: 10.15586/aei.v49i2.59. eCollection 2021.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Atopic individuals are characterized by increased IgE production and Th2 response if exposed to certain antigens. It is known that the mother transfers anti-mite antibodies to the fetus and newborn, IgG thru the placenta, and IgA thru breastfeeding, but it is not clear whether there is a protective mechanism mediated by them concerning the development of future allergies. This study aimed to compare the levels of IgA, IgG, and IgE antibodies specific to Der p 1 and Der p 2 between atopic and healthy individuals.

METHODS: Serum samples of 98 patients and 44 healthy controls were subjected to quantification for specific IgE, IgG, and IgA antibodies against Der p 1 and Der p 2 by ImmunoCap^® and ELISA, and subjected to statistical analysis as indicated.

RESULTS: Atopic patients had higher serum levels of IgE, IgG, and IgA specific to Der p 1 and Der p 2. The correlation was more robust between IgE and IgG antibodies.

CONCLUSIONS: Allergic patients produce higher levels of antibodies against Der p 1 and Der p 2 compared with healthy individuals. The mechanisms involved still require detailed studies.

PMID:33641293 | DOI:10.15586/aei.v49i2.59

Dermatol Ther. 2021 Feb 28:e14920. doi: 10.1111/dth.14920. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Inflammatory rosacea is clinically characterized by persistent erythema and inflammatory lesions. Its severity is generally based on clinical observation that may be cumbersome. The aim of this study was to assess if erythema-directed digital photography (EEDP) and colorimeter (COL) correlate and are concordant with clinical evaluation of erythema degree of rosacea under topical treatment. Thirty naïve patients with mild/moderate inflammatory rosacea were instructed to apply ivermectin cream for 8 weeks. Erythema degree was performed at baseline, and at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks by clinician erythema assessment based on 5-point severity scale (from 0=no erythema to 4=fiery redness), and by instrumental evaluation by EDDP using the same 5-point scale of clinical assessment and by COL using a 5-point scale (from 0=<1 units=no erythema to 4>12 units=fiery redness). Concordance and correlation analysis were performed using Cohen’s Kappa coefficient and Correlation Coefficient test respectively. At baseline a statistically significant concordance/correlation value between EDDP/COL was observed. At 2 weeks, the statistical concordance/correlation value between instrumentals were both increased, along with a slight significant concordance between clinical assessment and erythema-directed digital photography. At 4, 6 and 8 weeks, a statistically significant increase of concordance/correlation value among all the considered parameters from baseline was found. The results of our study showed that at baseline and during the early treatment stage both EDDP and COL were able to appreciate more accurately the erythema grade compared to clinical observation supporting the use of non-invasive techniques for a more objective evaluation of erythema in rosacea. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID:33641260 | DOI:10.1111/dth.14920

Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2021 Apr;9(2):e00735. doi: 10.1002/prp2.735.

ABSTRACT

Self-medication can facilitate patients’ access to medicinal products, save time, and reduce financial and health-care service use burden. On the other hand, irresponsible use of self-medications can result in adverse consequences. Self-medication is common among different demographic groups including pregnant women. In general, medicinal products might have harmful effects on mothers and baby. This study aimed to assess self-medication practices among pregnant women in the northern region of Jordan. A cross-sectional study was conducted on pregnant women attending outpatient clinics in the northern region of Jordan. Self-medication practices among the target population were assessed using a survey questionnaire that was administered through interviewer-assisted mode. Data were collected between December 2019 and September 2020, and descriptive statistics and inferential analysis were applied. A total of 1,313 pregnant women were surveyed (response rate = 95.50%). Self-medication and the use of herbal remedies were practiced by 33.10% and 32.14% of the participant, respectively. Headaches and general pains were the most frequently reported conditions treated by self-medication practice with either conventional medicinal products or herbal remedies. The gravidity (≥4) and the gestational stage (≥28 weeks) were the predictors of self-medication practice. This study showed that self-medication was not widely practiced by pregnant women in the northern region of Jordan. Disease simplicity and previous history were the main motives for self-medicating. Efforts should be made by health-care providers to address pregnant women and educate them to increase their awareness about the unsafe use of medicines and the harmful effects on fetus.

PMID:33641261 | DOI:10.1002/prp2.735