J Transcult Nurs. 2021 Mar 10:1043659621999829. doi: 10.1177/1043659621999829. Online ahead of print.
NO ABSTRACT
PMID:33719744 | DOI:10.1177/1043659621999829
Public Health Rep. 2021 Mar 15:333549211000305. doi: 10.1177/00333549211000305. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
During the Russian influenza pandemic, which reached the United States in late 1889, US public health officials attempted to document the number of deaths associated with this disease outbreak. A historical perspective illuminates the complex categories used to classify deaths from influenza-associated diseases; substantial changes in weekly, monthly, and yearly death totals; and thoughtful efforts by health officials to measure the epidemic as it happened. The 1114 influenza deaths reported by the Connecticut State Board of Health in the 3 years after the January 1890 outbreak must be supplemented by the notable increases in the number of deaths from respiratory diseases, which elevates the likely toll to more than 7000 deaths during the epidemic. Whereas historians of public health have primarily examined efforts to control communicable diseases, this case study of mortality statistics reported by town officials and analyzed by the Connecticut State Board of Health demonstrates how officers of the local boards of health also responded to unexpected outbreaks of a familiar disease such as influenza. Understanding how organizations measured influenza-associated mortality illustrates an important stage in the development of American public health and also makes an important contribution to studying pandemics in history.
PMID:33719735 | DOI:10.1177/00333549211000305
Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2021 Mar 10:146167221997619. doi: 10.1177/0146167221997619. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
In recent years, an upsurge of polarization has been a salient feature of political discourse in America. A small but growing body of research has examined the potential relevance of intellectual humility (IH) to political polarization. In the present investigation, we extend this work to political myside bias, testing the hypothesis that IH is associated with less bias in two community samples (N1 = 498; N2 = 477). In line with our expectations, measures of IH were negatively correlated with political myside bias across paradigms, political topics, and samples. These relations were robust to controlling for humility. We also examined ideological asymmetries in the relations between IH and political myside bias, finding that IH-bias relations were statistically equivalent in members of the political left and right. Notwithstanding important limitations and caveats, these data establish IH as one of a small handful psychological features known to predict less political myside bias.
PMID:33719720 | DOI:10.1177/0146167221997619
J Prim Care Community Health. 2021 Jan-Dec;12:21501327211002099. doi: 10.1177/21501327211002099.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Health care workers (HCWs) are at the forefront to fight against COVID-19 pandemic. They are at more risk of contracting the infection. This study was planned to assess potential risk factors of 2019-novel coronavirus infection among HCWs working in a health facility and to evaluate the effectiveness of infection prevention and control measures among them.
METHODS: A study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital among HCWs who were directly or indirectly involved in the management of a confirmed or suspected case of COVID-19. The socio-demographic characteristics, history of exposure, IPC measures followed and clinical symptoms were compared between health care workers in COVID and non-COVID areas.
RESULTS: Majority (45%) of HCWs were nurses, followed by hospital/sanitary/technical attendants (30%) and doctors (24%). Out of a total of 256 HCWs, 2% tested positive. Around 80% of HCWs had ever attended any IPC training. A statistically significant association was found between posting area of HCWs and their exposure to COVID patients (duration of exposure, PPE has worn by HCWs, direct contact of HCWs with the patient’s material) and COVID positivity (P value <.001).
CONCLUSION: If health care workers were trained and take adequate precautions then the risk of getting an infection is minimized.
PMID:33719717 | DOI:10.1177/21501327211002099
Med Decis Making. 2021 Mar 10:272989X21994553. doi: 10.1177/0272989X21994553. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Surrogate endpoints (i.e., intermediate endpoints intended to predict for patient-centered outcomes) are increasingly common. However, little is known about how surrogate evidence is handled in the context of health technology assessment (HTA).
OBJECTIVES: 1) To map methodologies for the validation of surrogate endpoints and 2) to determine their impact on acceptability of surrogates and coverage decisions made by HTA agencies.
METHODS: We sought HTA reports where evaluation relied on a surrogate from 8 HTA agencies. We extracted data on the methods applied for surrogate validation. We assessed the level of agreement between agencies and fitted mixed-effects logistic regression models to test the impact of validation approaches on the agency’s acceptability of the surrogate endpoint and their coverage recommendation.
RESULTS: Of the 124 included reports, 61 (49%) discussed the level of evidence to support the relationship between the surrogate and the patient-centered endpoint, 27 (22%) reported a correlation coefficient/association measure, and 40 (32%) quantified the expected effect on the patient-centered outcome. Overall, the surrogate endpoint was deemed acceptable in 49 (40%) reports (k-coefficient 0.10, P = 0.004). Any consideration of the level of evidence was associated with accepting the surrogate endpoint as valid (odds ratio [OR], 4.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.60-13.18, P = 0.005). However, we did not find strong evidence of an association between accepting the surrogate endpoint and agency coverage recommendation (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.23-2.20; P = 0.55).
CONCLUSIONS: Handling of surrogate endpoint evidence in reports varied greatly across HTA agencies, with inconsistent consideration of the level of evidence and statistical validation. Our findings call for careful reconsideration of the issue of surrogacy and the need for harmonization of practices across international HTA agencies.
PMID:33719711 | DOI:10.1177/0272989X21994553
J Orthod. 2021 Mar 15:14653125211001079. doi: 10.1177/14653125211001079. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the colour stability of polymeric resins that could be used to 3D-print orthodontic brackets.
DESIGN: In vitro, laboratory study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Disc-shaped specimens were fabricated via 3D printing using three resins: Dental LT; Dental SG; and Clear. Five conditions were evaluated for each resin (n = 10 per treatment per resin) to assess its corresponding effect on colour and translucency: immersion in (1) red wine, (2) coffee, (3) tea and (4) distilled water (control), and (5) exposure to accelerated aging. Colour and translucency measurements were made before and after exposure using a spectrophotometer. Mean colour differences (ΔE00) and changes in translucency parameter (ΔTP00) were calculated for each sample using the CIEDE2000 colour difference formula.
RESULTS: Statistically significant effects of the resin material, the treatment condition and interactions effects of material and condition were observed for ΔE00 and ΔTP00 (P < 0.001). The most pronounced changes in colour (ΔE00) were a result of the staining effects of wine on all three resins, ranging from 14.5 ± 0.6 to 20.8 ± 1.2. Dental LT, Dental SG and Clear resins all showed changes in colour when exposed to certain staining agents. Dental SG and Clear resins exhibited changes in colour with aging, while the colour of Dental LT resin remained stable with aging.
CONCLUSIONS: The colour changes of the resins investigated does not support their use in 3D-printed aesthetic bracket applications.
PMID:33719707 | DOI:10.1177/14653125211001079
J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2021 Mar 14:1078390321999725. doi: 10.1177/1078390321999725. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Although previous studies have separately revealed that parameters such as anxiety, depression, and secondary traumatic stress (STS) are associated with burnout, there is still a limited understanding of the relationship between anxiety, depression, and STS and burnout in intensive care unit (ICU) nurses.
AIMS: To investigate the relationship between levels of burnout, anxiety, depression, and STS in ICU nurses.
METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted with ICU nurses (N = 164) from a university hospital in eastern Turkey. The participants completed the anxiety, depression, STS, and burnout scales along with the descriptive characteristics form. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS: The mean scores for STS, anxiety, depression, and burnout were 40.60 ± 13.77, 17.14 ± 12.90, 13.28 ± 9.75 and 41.39 ± 14.87, respectively. The results showed that, in the ICU nurses, anxiety, depression, and STS components explained 61% of emotional exhaustion, 38% of depersonalization, and 13% of personal accomplishment.
CONCLUSIONS: While the present findings supported the paradigm that burnout in ICU nurses is associated with STS, anxiety, and depression, they also revealed some details about the psychopathological factors associated with burnout. These details were as follows: (1) individuals who resorted to avoidance as a component of STS on a high level were more likely to experience emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, (2) individuals with severe depressive symptoms were more likely to experience a decrease in their personal accomplishment, and (3) individuals with anxiety symptoms were more likely to experience both emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment.
PMID:33719680 | DOI:10.1177/1078390321999725
Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2021 Mar 14:207640211001084. doi: 10.1177/00207640211001084. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The underutilization of mental health services is a recognized problem for the growing number of Muslims living in the West. Despite their unique mental health risk factors and the pivotal role they play in determining mental health discourse in their families and in society, Muslim women in particular have not received sufficient study.
AIM: To help remedy this research gap, we examined factors that may impact the rejection attitudes of Muslim women toward professional mental health care using the first psychometrically validated scale of its kind; the M-PAMH (Muslims’ Perceptions and Attitudes to Mental Health).
METHODS: A total of 1,222 Muslim women responded to questions about their cultural and religious beliefs about mental health, stigma associated with mental health, and familiarity with formal mental health services in an anonymous online survey.
RESULTS: Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that higher religious and cultural beliefs, higher societal stigma, and lower familiarity with professional mental health services were associated with greater rejection attitudes toward professional mental healthcare. The final model was statistically significant, F (5, 1,216) = 73.778; p < .001, and explained 23% of the variance in rejection attitudes with stigma accounting for the most (12.3%) variance, followed by cultural and religious mental health beliefs (6%), and familiarity with mental health services (2.7%).
CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that although the examined factors contributed significantly to the model, they may not be sufficient in the explanation of Muslim women’s rejection attitudes toward mental health services. Future research may explore additional variables, as well as predictive profiles for Muslim women’s perceptions and attitudes of mental health based on a combination of these factors.
PMID:33719665 | DOI:10.1177/00207640211001084
Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021 Mar 15:11206721211000646. doi: 10.1177/11206721211000646. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of ICRS in halting keratoconus progression in a large sample of patients.
METHODS: A retrospective, non-comparative, interventional study based on the review of medical records of patients diagnosed with keratoconus who underwent Ferrara corneal ring segment implantation. A retrospective chart analysis study of 123 operated eyes with follow-up ranging from 3 to 16 years (mean 5.3 ± 3.6 years) was performed. This study was carried out at Ocular Surgery Unit, São Paulo, Brazil. All topographic data were obtained from Pentacam (Oculus, Arlington, USA). The same surgeon performed all surgeries, and the Ferrara ICRS nomogram was used for ICRS selection in all cases.
RESULTS: Corrected distance visual acuity, keratometry, and topographic astigmatism improved in most cases, with statistical significance. In 42 eyes (53.8%), there was an increase in K1 or K2, and in 36 (46.2%), there was a reduction or maintenance in K1. Considering a difference higher than 1 D, between 3-month post-surgery and final visit (group 3), 32 eyes (41%) showed an increase, and 46 eyes (59%) ended equal or below this value.
CONCLUSION: The implantation of ICRS showed improvement in visual and keratometric indexes. The majority of patients did not increase more than one diopter in keratometric values after ICRS implantation. ICRS may be effective for slowing disease progression, especially in older patients.
PMID:33719637 | DOI:10.1177/11206721211000646
Foot Ankle Int. 2021 Mar 10:1071100721995427. doi: 10.1177/1071100721995427. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Microfracture is the most common reparative surgery for osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs). While shown to be effective in short- to midterm outcomes, the fibrocartilage that microfracture produces is both biomechanically and biologically inferior to that of native hyaline cartilage and is susceptible to possible deterioration over time following repair. With orthobiologics being proposed to augment repair, there exists a clear gap in the study of long-term clinical outcomes of microfracture to determine if this added expense is necessary.
METHODS: A retrospective review of patients undergoing microfracture of an OLT with a single fellowship-trained orthopedic surgeon from 2007 to 2009 was performed. Patients meeting the inclusion criteria were contacted to complete the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Sports subscales and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, as well as surveyed regarding their satisfaction with the outcome of the procedure and their likelihood to recommend the procedure to a friend with the same problem using 5-point Likert scales. Patient demographics were reviewed and included for statistical analysis.
RESULTS: Of 45 respondents, 3 patients required additional surgery on their ankle for the osteochondral defect, yielding a 10-year survival rate of 93.3%. Of surviving cases, 90.4% (38/42) reported being “extremely satisfied” or “satisfied” with the outcome of the procedure. The VAS score at follow-up averaged 14 out of 100 (range, 0-75), while the FAAM-ADL and FAAM-Sports scores averaged 90.29 out of 100 and 82 out of 100, respectively. Thirty-six patients (85.7%) stated that their ankle did not prevent them from participating in the sports of their choice.
CONCLUSION: The current study represents a minimum 10-year follow-up of patients undergoing isolated arthroscopic microfracture for talar osteochondral defects, with a 93.3% survival rate and 85.7% return to sport. While biological adjuvants may play a role in improving the long-term outcomes of microfracture procedures, larger and longer-term follow-up studies are required for procedures using orthobiologics before their cost can be justified for routine use.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective cohort case series study.
PMID:33719632 | DOI:10.1177/1071100721995427