Tag: statistics

Int J Med Educ. 2026 Jul 3;17:97-108. doi: 10.5116/ijme.6a31.72ef.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to explore why and how medical students use non-traditional learning resources relative to the formal curriculum, to inform curriculum development efforts, and support self‑directed learning.

METHODS: A qualitative study grounded in a pragmatic research approach was conducted using semi structured interviews with medical students at the University of Ottawa. Participant recruitment occurred via email/social media, and a pre survey was used to ensure sampling of both low- and high-level resource users. Transcripts were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis in NVivo. Analysis was both deductive, guided by self-regulated learning (motivation, goal setting, feedback, self-monitoring), and inductive to capture unanticipated themes.

RESULTS: Twenty-nine students participated (18 pre-clerkship; 11 clerkship). Four themes were developed: two addressing motivations for using non‑traditional resources-the traditional curriculum is repetitive and inflexible and non‑traditional resources are high‑yield and flexible; one addressing goal setting-studying for today’s exam or tomorrow’s patient; and one addressing how students engage with resources, captured through three archetypes-the Traditionalist, the Supplementer, and the Reformer.

CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates how medical students navigate learning by turning to non-traditional resources, shaped by their motivations, goal orientations, and distinct engagement patterns. These insights highlight opportunities to streamline and modernize curricula, integrate vetted high yield resources, and strengthen students’ self-regulated learning skills. Leveraging the three learner archetypes can further guide curriculum planning by recognizing diverse learning approaches, engaging Supplementers as indicators of curricular gaps, supporting Traditionalists with structured pathways, and viewing Reformers’ non-attendance as an expression of SRL rather than disengagement.

PMID:42402143 | DOI:10.5116/ijme.6a31.72ef

Orv Hetil. 2026 Jul 5;167(27):1059-1067. doi: 10.1556/650.2026.33601. Print 2026 Jul 5.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Attitudes toward vaccination play a crucial role in shaping vaccination behavior; however, in Hungary, there is currently no validated instrument suitable for the psychometrically sound assessment of such attitudes in the general adult population.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to adapt the Vaccination Attitudes Examination (VAX) scale into Hungarian and to examine its psychometric properties in a sample of the adult Hungarian population.

METHOD: We analyzed data from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of adults aged 18 years and older (n = 1000). The factor structure of the scale was examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (the former using maximum likelihood estimation with oblimin rotation, the latter using DWLS estimation appropriate for ordinal items). Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and CFA-based reliability indices. Convergent validity was evaluated by examining associations with theoretically relevant attitudinal and trust-related variables.

RESULTS: The findings supported a theoretically coherent four-factor structure. The total scale and subscales demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency (α = 0.69-0.92). VAX scores showed strong positive associations with conspiracy beliefs and moderate to strong negative associations with trust in science and institutions. Respondents who had not received a COVID-19 vaccine scored significantly higher on all subscales.

DISCUSSION: The Hungarian version of the VAX scale reliably and validly measures the multidimensional structure of vaccine-skeptical attitudes. The results are consistent with international validation studies and support the applicability of the scale in the Hungarian context.

CONCLUSION: The Hungarian version of the VAX scale is an appropriate instrument for research on vaccination attitudes and for examining the social and psychological determinants of vaccine hesitancy. Orv Hetil. 2026; 167(27): 1059-1067.

PMID:42402139 | DOI:10.1556/650.2026.33601

Subst Use Addctn J. 2026 Jul 5:29767342261454121. doi: 10.1177/29767342261454121. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to examine the associations between smoking self-efficacy, health anxiety, and women’s awareness of third-hand smoke (THS).

METHODS: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in Türkiye between June and July 2025 through an online survey with 335 women aged ≥18 years. Data were collected using a Descriptive Information Form, the Third-hand Smoke Awareness Scale, the Smoking Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Health Anxiety Inventory. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman’s correlation, multiple linear regression, and mediation analysis.

RESULTS: A total of 335 women were included in the study (mean age: 34.67 ± 12.31 years). Significant differences in THS awareness, smoking self-efficacy, and health anxiety were observed across several sociodemographic and behavioral variables. Higher educational level was associated with greater THS awareness, while participants with children and those whose partners smoked had lower awareness levels (P < .05). Smoking self-efficacy was higher among nonsmokers and individuals with higher education, whereas health anxiety was higher among smokers and those exposed to smoking in their environment (P < .05). Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed weak but significant associations, including a negative correlation between number of children and THS awareness (ρ = -.213, P < .01), and a positive correlation between THS awareness and smoking self-efficacy (ρ = .154, P < .05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the model explained a small proportion of variance (R² = .06). Only the number of children was significantly associated with THS awareness (β = -.16, P = .02), while smoking self-efficacy and health anxiety were not significant predictors. Mediation analysis indicated that smoking self-efficacy did not mediate the relationship between THS awareness and health anxiety (P > .05).

CONCLUSION: THS awareness was associated with several sociodemographic and behavioral factors; however, smoking self-efficacy and health anxiety were not significant predictors in the adjusted model. These findings suggest that awareness alone may be insufficient and that broader contextual and individual factors should be considered in strategies aimed at reducing tobacco exposure.

PMID:42402132 | DOI:10.1177/29767342261454121

Probl Sotsialnoi Gig Zdravookhranenniiai Istor Med. 2026 Jun 27;34(0):422-425. doi: 10.32687/0869-866X-2026-34-s1-422-425.

ABSTRACT

This article examines the demographic resilience of the Republic of Adygea, which faces unique demographic and economic challenges due to its limited territory, distinct ethnocultural composition, and external migration flows. Given the transformation of the labor market driven by digitalization, an aging population, and structural changes in the economy, the region is forced to develop strategies to enhance demographic resilience. The authors analyze factors influencing the stability of Adygeas labor market, assesses current trends in employment, migration, and demographic dynamics, and proposes adaptation mechanisms aimed at mitigating the risk of labor shortages and ensuring economic growth. The studys findings substantiate the need for a comprehensive approach that includes human capital development, stimulating internal migration, and implementing flexible employment models.

PMID:42402129 | DOI:10.32687/0869-866X-2026-34-s1-422-425

Probl Sotsialnoi Gig Zdravookhranenniiai Istor Med. 2026 Jun 27;34(0):378-383. doi: 10.32687/0869-866X-2026-34-s1-378-383.

ABSTRACT

A comprehensive analysis of the situation is needed to effectively address Russias demographic problems. The aging population and low birth rate pose serious challenges for the country. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the social determinants that determine the choice of a small family model, followed by the development of recommendations for optimizing the demographic situation in the country.

PMID:42402126 | DOI:10.32687/0869-866X-2026-34-s1-378-383

Probl Sotsialnoi Gig Zdravookhranenniiai Istor Med. 2026 Jun 27;34(0):498-505. doi: 10.32687/0869-866X-2026-34-s1-498-505.

ABSTRACT

The study provides a summary of the main provisions of the Fundamental Scientific Research Program of the Russian Federation for the long-term period (2021-2030), provides its general quantitative characteristics, highlighting the leading areas of knowledge and areas of science. For the field of scientific knowledge «Medical Sciences», a detailed statistical and substantive analysis is provided, as a result of which leaders and anti-leaders are identified in the context of areas and sections of fundamental and exploratory scientific research.

PMID:42402122 | DOI:10.32687/0869-866X-2026-34-s1-498-505

Probl Sotsialnoi Gig Zdravookhranenniiai Istor Med. 2026 Jun 27;34(0):520-525. doi: 10.32687/0869-866X-2026-34-s1-520-525.

ABSTRACT

Ensuring adequate staffing levels for psychiatrists-narcologists and district psychiatrists-narcologists amid the observed shortage of healthcare personnel across all sectors and burnout among medical workers represents one of the primary pathways to improving the performance of psychoneurological services. Analysis of the new order from the Russian Ministry of Health on the «psychiatry-narcology» profile reveals that the document includes certain measures to strengthen preventive efforts by introducing the position of a medical psychologist in the office for the prevention of substance use disorders. However, in our view, certain provisions of the document require revision in the following directions: transitioning to commonly accepted indicators for labor norms in outpatient care, namely statistical data on population size and its contingents; and excluding staffing numbers from the normative provision for ensuring round-the-clock operations of medical personnel.

PMID:42402120 | DOI:10.32687/0869-866X-2026-34-s1-520-525

Probl Sotsialnoi Gig Zdravookhranenniiai Istor Med. 2026 Jun 27;34(0):482-490. doi: 10.32687/0869-866X-2026-34-s1-482-490.

ABSTRACT

The article examines the structural causes of informal employment and corruption practices in public healthcare institutions. Unlike the traditional approach, which views informality as a shadow activity outside of legal institutions, the authors argue that it can be integrated into formal employment as a systemic response to the household budget deficit of healthcare workers. Based on an analysis of a large dataset (wages, hours worked, and staff turnover from 2015 to 2024), they identify and mathematically prove a critical relationship between the deviation of wages from regional averages and the amount of additional work. Results. A direct correlation (r = 0.994; p lt; 0.001) has been established between income deficiency and the necessary intensification of labor. It has been proven that when the physiological limit of working time (1.5-2.0 rates) is reached, the employees survival strategy transforms into an intensive form, namely, the implementation of administrative and professional resources in the informal sector (monetization of status). Conclusions. The paper substantiates that informal payments for access to services (quota VMP, issuance of sick leave) are not a deviation, but a systemically conditioned mechanism for compensating for the reproduction of human capital. Repressive measures to combat the shadow sector will be ineffective without addressing the mathematically proven imbalance in wages.

PMID:42402117 | DOI:10.32687/0869-866X-2026-34-s1-482-490

Probl Sotsialnoi Gig Zdravookhranenniiai Istor Med. 2026 Jun 27;34(0):406-411. doi: 10.32687/0869-866X-2026-34-s1-406-411.

ABSTRACT

This article examines the relationship between coverage by dispensarization (preventive health screening) and qualitative characteristics of employment in the regions of the Central Federal District of Russia. An analysis of statistical data for 2017-2023 is presented, describing the level of participation of the working population in preventive medical examinations and key parameters of employment quality, including working conditions, forms of labour relations, and social protection of workers. It is noted that there is substantial differentiation among the Central Federal District regions both in dispensarization coverage and in employment quality indicators. The study finds that regions with higher employment quality also demonstrate higher participation rates of the working population in dispensarization, supporting the hypothesis that characteristics of labour relations affect accessibility to preventive medical care. Key factors linking employment quality and dispensarization coverage are identified as the formal nature of labour relations, which enables workers to exercise their legally guaranteed right to time off for medical examinations, and employer engagement in creating conditions for staff participation in preventive activities. The article concludes that improving employment quality through strengthening social and labour guarantees and enhancing working conditions can be regarded as an important resource for increasing dispensarization coverage among the working population and, consequently, for improving public health.

PMID:42402115 | DOI:10.32687/0869-866X-2026-34-s1-406-411

Probl Sotsialnoi Gig Zdravookhranenniiai Istor Med. 2026 Jun 27;34(0):460-465. doi: 10.32687/0869-866X-2026-34-s1-460-465.

ABSTRACT

The article presents an analysis of the dynamics in the number of healthcare organizations of various forms of ownership in the Russian Federation for the period from 2009 to 2024. The study was conducted using statistical and analytical methods of time series data processing. Opposite trends in the development of the public and private healthcare sectors have been identified. In the public sector, a reduction in the number of hospital organizations by 27.66% was recorded, alongside a simultaneous increase in the number of outpatient clinics by 23.63%, reflecting the optimization processes in the inpatient sector and the strengthening of primary health care. The private sector demonstrated exponential growth: the number of hospital organizations increased almost fourfold, and outpatient clinics more than doubled. The capacity of private outpatient clinics increased more than fourfold. All identified trends are confirmed by statistical significance. The results obtained indicate the transformation of private medicine into a significant element of the national health protection system, capable of filling the deficit niches of the public sector.

PMID:42402114 | DOI:10.32687/0869-866X-2026-34-s1-460-465