Tag: statistics

Can Assoc Radiol J. 2024 Jan 6:8465371231220561. doi: 10.1177/08465371231220561. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Patients may seek online information to better understand medical imaging procedures. The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of information provided by 2 popular artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots pertaining to common imaging scenarios’ risks, benefits, and alternatives.

METHODS: Fourteen imaging-related scenarios pertaining to computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used. Factors including the use of intravenous contrast, the presence of renal disease, and whether the patient was pregnant were included in the analysis. For each scenario, 3 prompts for outlining the (1) risks, (2) benefits, and (3) alternative imaging choices or potential implications of not using contrast were inputted into ChatGPT and Bard. A grading rubric and a 5-point Likert scale was used by 2 independent reviewers to grade responses. Prompt variability and chatbot context dependency were also assessed.

RESULTS: ChatGPT’s performance was superior to Bard’s in accurately responding to prompts per Likert grading (4.36 ± 0.63 vs 3.25 ± 1.03 seconds, P < .0001). There was substantial agreement between independent reviewer grading for ChatGPT (κ = 0.621) and Bard (κ = 0.684). Response text length was not statistically different between ChatGPT and Bard (2087 ± 256 characters vs 2162 ± 369 characters, P = .24). Response time was longer for ChatGPT (34 ± 2 vs 8 ± 1 seconds, P < .0001).

CONCLUSIONS: ChatGPT performed superior to Bard at outlining risks, benefits, and alternatives to common imaging scenarios. Generally, context dependency and prompt variability did not change chatbot response content. Due to the lack of detailed scientific reasoning and inability to provide patient-specific information, both AI chatbots have limitations as a patient information resource.

PMID:38183235 | DOI:10.1177/08465371231220561

Acta Med Port. 2024 Jan 3;37(1):27-35. doi: 10.20344/amp.19738. Epub 2024 Jan 3.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Nutrition is a cornerstone of diabetes mellitus prevention and management; therefore, it is essential to enable patients to adopt healthy eating habits. Previous studies have not yet documented the main errors in the eating habits of Portuguese people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aims to identify the main errors in the eating habits of people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Portugal and to evaluate its associations with sociodemographic variables.

METHODS: Cross-sectional multicentric study in a convenience sample of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Primary Health Care Units. The UK Diabetes and Diet Questionnaire (UKDDQ) – translated and adapted, was applied from July to October 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted.

RESULTS: Of the 550 participants, 52.2% were female, 68.3% were 65 years or over, 55.8 % had an education level up to the fourth grade, 24.7% had economic deprivation, and the mean time since diagnosis was 10.60 ± 8.13 years. Only 36.2% of the sample had a healthy UKDDQ score. Less than 50% of the sample had healthy scores for the items “high-fiber rice or pasta”, “high-fiber bread”, “butter, margarine and vegetable oils” and “vegetables and pulses”. Only 8.9% of the sample had a healthy consumption of fiber. About 70.4% reported healthy scores for the consumption of “high-added-sugar foods” and 54.7% for “high-saturated fat”. A statistically significant weak positive correlation was found between the UKDDQ score and age (ρ = 0.201, p < 0.001) with a more frequent choice of healthy foods with increasing age. Female respondents reported healthier habits, particularly in the consumption of “high-saturated fat” and “high-fiber foods”.

CONCLUSION: The majority of our sample did not take advantage of the potential benefits of healthy eating habits. The main food groups whose consumption should be emphasized or discouraged were individualized, particularly the need to encourage the consumption of high-fiber foods. Targeted educational actions must focus especially on younger and/or male patients.

PMID:38183233 | DOI:10.20344/amp.19738

Nat Comput Sci. 2021 Mar;1(3):177-178. doi: 10.1038/s43588-021-00046-7.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:38183198 | DOI:10.1038/s43588-021-00046-7

Nat Comput Sci. 2021 Mar;1(3):212-220. doi: 10.1038/s43588-021-00041-y. Epub 2021 Mar 25.

ABSTRACT

Models of the electrical double layer (EDL) at electrode/liquid-electrolyte interfaces no longer hold for all-solid-state electrochemistry. Here we show a more general model for the EDL at a solid-state electrochemical interface based on the Poisson-Fermi-Dirac equation. By combining this model with density functional theory predictions, the interconnected electronic and ionic degrees of freedom in all-solid-state batteries, including the electronic band bending and defect concentration variation in the space-charge layer, are captured self-consistently. Along with a general mathematical solution, the EDL structure is presented in various materials that are thermodynamically stable in contact with a lithium metal anode: the solid electrolyte Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (LLZO) and the solid interlayer materials LiF, Li₂O and Li₂CO₃. The model further allows design of the optimum interlayer thicknesses to minimize the electrostatic barrier for lithium ion transport at relevant solid-state battery interfaces.

PMID:38183191 | DOI:10.1038/s43588-021-00041-y

Nat Comput Sci. 2021 Mar;1(3):183-191. doi: 10.1038/s43588-021-00038-7. Epub 2021 Mar 15.

ABSTRACT

Epigenetics studies inheritable and reversible modifications of DNA that allow cells to control gene expression throughout their development and in response to environmental conditions. In computational epigenomics, machine learning is applied to study various epigenetic mechanisms genome wide. Its aim is to expand our understanding of cell differentiation, that is their specialization, in health and disease. Thus far, most efforts focus on understanding the functional encoding of the genome and on unraveling cell-type heterogeneity. Here, we provide an overview of state-of-the-art computational methods and their underlying statistical concepts, which range from matrix factorization and regularized linear regression to deep learning methods. We further show how the rise of single-cell technology leads to new computational challenges and creates opportunities to further our understanding of epigenetic regulation.

PMID:38183187 | DOI:10.1038/s43588-021-00038-7

J Vasc Access. 2024 Jan 5:11297298231222052. doi: 10.1177/11297298231222052. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: A major contributor to peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) failure may be related to PIVC movement within the vein which is associated with vein wall damage. The magnitude of PIVC movement against the vein wall has not previously been quantified. This study aimed to examine PIVC movement within the vein when minor forces were applied to the PIVC.

METHODS: This was a prospective, pilot trial including healthy volunteers in an outpatient research laboratory. The primary objective was to examine the in movement (millimeters) of the PIVC using ultrasound with external pull forces (4, 5, and 6 lbs; 1.8, 2.3, and 2.7 kg, respectively) applied to the PIVC in random order.

RESULTS: Participants (N = 11) were aged 40.36 ± 16.10 years with 54.55% being Male. Mean ± SD PIVC movement for 4, 5, and 6 lbs of force was 4.65 ± 1.88, 3.88 ± 2.28, and 5.25 ± 2.06 mm, respectively. There was substantial PIVC movement when a force was applied to the PIVC, but no statistically significant difference between 4, 5, and 6 lb forces (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION: When external pull forces were applied to the PIVC, substantial PIVC movement within the vein occurred in a healthy population. Strategies that reduce PIVC movement and/or remove or limit external pull forces from the PIVC are needed. Future studies on hospitalized patients are warranted to quantify vein wall injury and PIVC failure due to PIVC movement from various pull forces.

PMID:38183179 | DOI:10.1177/11297298231222052

J Small Anim Pract. 2024 Jan 5. doi: 10.1111/jsap.13699. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of hypocobalaminaemia in dogs with acute gastrointestinal diseases and to evaluate its relationship with disease severity and outcome.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of dogs presented for acute gastrointestinal signs that a serum cobalamin concentration measured between September 2019 and 2021 were included in this study. Hypocobalaminaemia was defined as serum cobalamin concentration <200 pmol/L, and low-normal cobalamin was defined as serum cobalamin concentration of 200 to 295 pmol/L. Duration of clinical signs prior to presentation, Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation (APPLE) fast score, length of hospitalisation and outcome were recorded.

RESULTS: Thirty-three dogs were included. Seventeen dogs were diagnosed with acute gastrointestinal disease of unknown aetiology, seven dogs with parvoviral enteritis, three dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome and six dogs with miscellaneous diseases. The prevalence of hypocobalaminaemia in this population was 30.3% and low-normal cobalamin concentration was detected in 18.2% of dogs. There was no statistically significant relationship between the detection of hypocobalaminaemia or low-normal cobalamin and the duration of clinical signs before presentation, length of hospitalisation or Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation fast score on admission. Mortality rate was 3%.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Hypocobalaminaemia and low-normal cobalamin are common findings in dogs with acute gastrointestinal diseases. The therapeutic significance and potential implications for prognosis of hypocobalaminaemia in these patients requires further investigation.

PMID:38183171 | DOI:10.1111/jsap.13699

Spec Care Dentist. 2024 Jan 5. doi: 10.1111/scd.12952. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

AIMS: Head and neck cancer is a serious condition affecting the life of patients. Radiotherapy is commonly used to treat such conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of acute periapical abscesses (PAs) in patients who received radiotherapy for head and neck cancer.

METHODS AND RESULTS: Data on acute PAs and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) diagnosis with or without a history of radiation therapy (RAD) was retrieved by searching the appropriate query in the database. All cases were diagnosed for acute PAs by calibrated dentists for patients admitted to urgent care. The odds ratio (OR) for the prevalence of acute PAs and its association with a history of OPC with or without RAD were then calculated. Adjustment for comorbidities such as diabetes, smoking and gingival and periodontal diseases was also done. The prevalence of acute PAs in patients with a history of OPC was significantly higher as compared to the general hospital patient population (OR 2.92, 95%CI, p < .0001). Males were more affected than females and whites were more affected than African Americans and other ethnicities. The prevalence for PAs in patients with a history of OPC and RAD was higher and the difference in prevalence was statistically significant (OR 3.61, 95%CI, p < .0001). Whites were more affected than African Americans by more than 3.5-fold. Adjustment for diabetes comorbidly affected mainly the OPC + RAD group, however, the difference remained statistically significant. Adjustment for smoking and gingival and periodontal disease reduced the OR but the difference remained statistically different.

CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of acute PAs in patients with a history of OPC and RAD may suggest an association between these conditions warranting a meticulous medical and dental examination.

PMID:38183165 | DOI:10.1111/scd.12952

Confl Health. 2024 Jan 6;18(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s13031-023-00566-1.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: During hostilities, gunshot wounds are the most common cause of penetrating injuries. In 8-10% of abdominal injuries kidneys are involved. The treatment method include surgical or conservative treatment (fluids + blood components).

METHODS: Of 1266 combat trauma cases treated during 6 to 14 rotation of the Polish Military Contingent in Afghanistan, we extracted a subgroup of 44 kidney injuries. Corelation of trauma mechanism, PATI score, treatment methods, and outcomes was evaluated.

RESULTS: Out of the 41 renal injuries, 20 considered left, 18 right, and 3 both kidneys. There were no statistical significancy in injury lateralization (p = 0.669), and no differences regarding side of a trauma and quantity of blood component used for the treatment (p = 0.246). Nephrectomy was performed on 17 patients (13 left vs. 4 right). A significant correlation between PATI score and the need for a nephrectomy (p = 0.027) was confirmed. Penetrating trauma recquired higher number of blood components comparing to blunt trauma (p < 0.001). The renal salvage rate was in study group was 61.36%. The overall survival (OS) rate was 90.25% – 4 patients died due to trauma.

CONCLUSIONS: The damage side does not result in a statistically significant increase in the need for blood transfusions or differences in the PATI score. The mechanism of trauma does, however, affect the number of blood components required for treatment, particularly in cases of penetrating trauma. With the introduction of proper treatment, the overall survival rate exceeds 90%, even when opting for conservative treatment.

PMID:38183150 | DOI:10.1186/s13031-023-00566-1

J Orthop Surg Res. 2024 Jan 6;19(1):39. doi: 10.1186/s13018-023-04452-7.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the clinical outcomes of open surgery and arthroscopic release in gluteal muscle contracture (GMC).

METHODS: Two independent reviewers YM and WL conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to identify clinical trials that adhered to the PRISMA guidelines (Appendix A), spanning from inception to July 2023. Search items included ((“gluteal” OR “gluteus”) AND (“contracture” OR “fibrosis”)). Research comparing open surgery or arthroscopic release was included. Clinical outcomes were compared using the risk ratio for dichotomous variables and the standardized mean difference for continuous variables. A P value < 0.05 was deemed statistically significant.

RESULTS: Four studies with 453 patients met the selection criteria and were included in this review. Compared with open surgery, in the case of similar postoperative functional satisfaction (1.21, 95% CI = 0.46-3.17, P = 0.70), the arthroscopic release achieved advantages in postoperative complications (3.5, 95% CI = 1.75-7.03, P = 0.0004), cosmetic satisfaction (0.07, 95% CI = 0.01-0.65, P = 0.02), length size (5.65, 95% CI = 4.11-7.19, P < 0.001), and hospitalization duration (1.57, 95% CI = 0.89 to 2.26, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION: This research shows that both open surgery and arthroscopic release improve functional satisfaction. The arthroscopic release could result in fewer complications, better cosmetic satisfaction, shorter length size, and shorter hospitalization duration. Registration and protocol There is no registration and protocol for this meta-analysis.

PMID:38183149 | DOI:10.1186/s13018-023-04452-7